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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Genocide
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birth in 1944
Churchill referred to it as the crime with no name. Lemkin came up with the term. genos = tribe cide = kill killing of the trib rational plan usually by the government. state sponsored and driven to kill people. cannot be carried out in a premodern world. |
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Holocaust
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1930s in Europe
Holo: whole Caust: offering burnt offering connotates sacrifice and the religious term makes Nazis look like priestly figures |
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Shoah
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Hebrew term meaning annihilation. Horrible event you cannot begin to comprehend. transcends time and space.
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Khunban
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Hebrew meaning destruction. right wing Orthodox Jews.
586 BC: 1st temple destroyed 20 AD: 2nd temple destroyed 3rd: Holocaust |
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Judeocide
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killing of the Jews
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Victor Frankl
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Austrian psychoanalysist and Mauthausen resident. Wrote Man's Search for Meaning which was an account of his experience. at the end of the war he came in contact with an SS guard who had spent all his money to buy medicine for such inmates. grouped people as decent and indecent and downplayed who people were.
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Teleology
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studying history with a predetermined aim that should be avoided when studying the Holocaust becuase many things could have gone differently.
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Fischer controversy
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tried to show GErmany's blame for WW1 and the rise of Hitler. said that WW1 produced Hitler and without WW1 there would be no Hitler/Holocaust.
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Sonderweg
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"special path"
GErmany followed path to Hitler. analyzed stresses and strains of preWW2 Germany such as the industrial revolution, rise of class society. said it was a cumulative overlap and more than what Germany could handle. there was no way out otehr than war in 1914. |
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Functionalism
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no master plan. said Hitler was unimportant. no order in Hitler's hand for final solution. stresses contingency. says it was an improvisation. whole system created internal rivalry and radicalism. inner quarrel and radical solutions. large scale developments and rivalries in top leadership.
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Intentionalism
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Hitler's intention to kill Jews and part of his master plam. Extreme intentionalists look at Mein Kamph as evidence. 12-15 thousand JEws would have been gassed. no reference to the camp system. reference to gassing in WW1. ideological
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Pale of Settlement
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majority of Jews in Eastern Europe. W Prussia, Ukraine, Baltic States. place where traditional Jews would have lived in shelters. very poor. spoke Yiddish. go to study the Torah. women run small businesses to support the fmaily. shared a unique culture. limited area. 4% Russian Empire and home to 90% of Russian Jews.
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antisemitism
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coined in 20th century. not a good term and implies that Semitism is a word. semitism is a linguistic category that encompasses Hebrew and Arabic. means Jews not Arabs. anti-religious. Nazis invented the "Jews" as a racial group.
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pogroms
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laws against Jews. Russian verb. used to destroy and wreck havoc. mob riots. Russians would destory Jewish settlements. rationale behind it usually. first one was in 1881-1882. reason for the outbreak was because when Tsar Alex II was assassinated in Russia by the People's Will, one female terrorist in teh Will was Jewish and becmae the reason for the outbreak. houses were destroyed and government encouraged such pogroms.
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Kishinev Pogrom
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1903. 4,900 injured and 1,500 businesses destroyed
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blood libel
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false and sensationalized allegations that a person or group engages in human sacrifice, often accompanied by the claim the blood of victims is used in various rituals and/or acts of cannibalism. The alleged victims are often children.
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Dreyfus Affair
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convicted of treason and espionage in 1894 and 1895. real culprit was non-Jewish and had come out. divided French society at the brink of civil war. supporters and right wings were against him becuase he was Jewish. Said there was no point in looking at the evidence and look at his character becuase he's Jewish. intellects like Zola were involved- he wrote J'accuse which accused the government of the coverup. divisive event.
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Adolf Stoecker
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important political antisemite. part of the Christian workers party.
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karl Lueger
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anti-semite and mayor of Vienna. administration influenced hitler. selective antisemitism becuase he decided who was a Jew. admitted he used antismeitism to build the masses. many evacuees from the pogroms went to Vienna and Lueger said they were uncivilized and didnt fit in becuase the came from the Pale. believed that Jews could be baptized and saved taht's why Hitler didnt think he went far enough. race didnt matter- religion did.
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Bluebeard's Castle
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Steiner. have to see the Holocaust in religious terms and said that the Jews were hated becuase they invented the idea of the conscious. demands are so harsh that no one could fulfill them. avenge themselves as Jews and Christians kill them. by killing Jews, CHristains try to recreate hell on earth. killed people who created morals.
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Religious antisemitism
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oldest- Judeo Christian rivalry. 1st century AD. endorsed by church fathers. divide: killing of God, Jews killed Jesus, Jews dispersed by 20AD as a just punishment. blood libel accusation. roots of modern antisemitism.
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Political antisemitism
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redemptive antisemitism. murderous hatred of Jews linked with idealistic goals. explains why Nazis went as far as they wanted. top level Nazis were true believers in antisemitism vs. opportunists. used as a propaganda tool. arose in Germany in 1871 to help unify the German empire. something to draw people to a platform. sometimes economically motivated becuase Jews had a knack for finance.
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Racial Antisemitism
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Darwin's Origin of Species applied as social Darwinism. claim that some species are higher than others- Aryans higher than the Jews. Addressed in Mein Kamph. racial ladder. racial stain of Jews.
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Theodor Fritsch
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Antisemites Cathechisms. be proud of being a German. Jews are foes. keep blood pure with no intermingling. no social intercourse. no violence against Jews. not a widespread phenomenon.
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Protocols of Elders of Zion
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method by which Jews would dominate the world and a description of the world state that the Jews would establish <- myths forged by Russian secret service. Jews depicted as dangerous and wanted to exert power to acheiev domination of the earth. despot sovereign would rule the world. provided ideology for the Nazi party.
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Herero
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1905. cattle hearding native people in Namibia in SW Africa. Wilhelm wanted a war against them to gain power. Herero rise up becuase of German brutality and Germans suppress the uprising- precursor of Jew genocide. 80% died. common features in Herero with WW1 tactics was the disregrad for economic considerations, violence pursued because institution generates violence, irrationality is common sents and rationality is instict, disregard international law and absolute destruction. Wilhelm looking for Germna's place in the Sun.
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Jew Count
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divery attention from monarchy and count how many JEws were fighting for the war. being singled out. when economy went bad, rumored that Jews were profiting and shirking. as many Jews as Germans and the count was not published. Turning point. people lose faith in integration. traumatic disillusionment becuase they thought they were all a part of the nation becuase Wilhelm had said he didnt recognzie parties but people as Germans during the war.
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Sarajevo 1914
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Ferdinand assasinated while visiting. when he was killed Wilhelm II offered Austria assurance that Germany had their back and that Serbia should be punished. Austria declares war on Serbia and Russia orders partial mobilization. Germany issue state of imminent war and Russia, France, and Britian delcar war on Germany.British interfered ebcuase Germany was violating its treaty of neutrality with Belgium.
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Schleiffen Plan
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chief of general staff. Germany didnt want to fight 2 front war so German forces sent through Belgium into N France in 6 weeks / less. thought that was how long Russia would mobilize but Russia had mobilized earlier. big misconception and predicted on short war illusion. Germany in the west was part of trench warfare and was brutally slaughtered.
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