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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Centripetal Tendency
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the environmental factors that helped to interconnect the various regions of the Ottoman empire
The Sea: - provides a means for transportation and communication; facilitates interaction across vast spaces; cheaper, faster, and easier movement - islands - many ports on each |
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Centrifugal Tendency
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environmental factors that helped to isolate and segregate populations and make communication difficult
Mountains: - 75% of surface area covered by them - required wars to be seasonal (can't navigate thru mountains during winter) - roads = 1 vehicle width Cultural diversity: - many people never moved and were separated by mountains |
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Corridors of Connectivity
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aspects of geography that connect this region to the rest of the world
*5* corridors: - Black Sea = connect Med. world to central and east asia; opens up into Russia; connects N and E - The Danube = connects region to central and western europe; Danube basin - Connects Aegean, southern part of balkans to Danube basin - Follows down the red sea (connects E Africa to Indian Ocean); also connects (by land) to Nile itself; has big impact on slave trade - Connects near east to middle east; follows the fertile crescent --- Corridor 4 and 5 together connect ottoman world to asia and southeast Asia |
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Crisis of the Old Empires
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1) The Byzantine Empire
2) The Seljuq Rum 3) The Crusader States 4) The Mangolian Il-Khanate |
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Political Fragmentation
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(mini-states)
1) The Balkans 2) Greece 3) Anatolia |
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The Byzantine Empire
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Eastern half of Roman Empire
- Constantine (4th century AD) --- recognized when he came to power that the empire was too large - divided the empire in 2 --- he'd rule empire in the east > located new capital of rome to Byzantium (then changed name to Constantinople) --- Constantine made Christianity official religion of RE - Justinian (6th c.) --- failed at reunifying the empire. was last attempt to try to reunite RE --- from this time on > 2 sides never again united --- is the one who turns Constantinople into mega city; far more important than Rome --- The Red Apple symbolism; ball with cross on top painted red - domination of world under christianity |
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Rise of Islam
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Jihad: holy war
- The Ghazi Tradition --- In Islam, a warrior who conquered new lands and incorporates them into the realm of Islam > earns title of Ghazi > Greatest Honor that a muslim warrior could achieve --- also ensured admission to paradise and surrounded by virgins --- goal of every single muslim ruler and Ottoman Sultan |
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Turcoman & Transoxiana
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The nomadic Turcoman tribes originated in Central Asia (Transoxiana)
- Society and economy revolved around horses > incredible horsement --- men born on horseback, and many could ride before walk --- weapon of choice = bow and arrow - Driven out of transoxiana later w/ invsion of Mongols |
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Seljuq Turks
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first of the turkish tribes to achieve great power
- initially, the Persian empire brought the Seljuks into the Kingdom as mercenaries. Once the Seljuk's saw how weak the armies were, they decided to take them over - The Seljuks' culture however was widely underdeveloped, so they adopted many of the Persian traditions The empire spread westward and challenged the Byzantine |
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Battle of Manzikert
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*Alp Arslan*: most famous and important leader > created the Seljuq empire
- It was he who expanded and solidified the conquered territories - Battle of Manzikert: against Romanus IV --- Captured Romanus --- Took place in Eastern Anatolia, 1071 --- results in catastrophic defeat for christian empire - Alp released Emperor after agreement of Byzantine payment of gold and arrangement of children to marry --- Romanus' son in law had taken the throne ----- Romanus is blinded and thrown in Jain, dies from infection --- Consequences: Seljuqs not will expand westward into christian world ----- sets off civil war over who would succeed Romanus |
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Seljuq Rum
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- 1072, Alp Arslan falls from horse and dies; sons go to civil war, divide empire
--- one fraction: Sultanate of Rome - in Anatolia on territory taken from the Byzantine Empire |
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The Fourth Crusade and Sack of Constantinople
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(1204)
- Pope Innocent III called for the Fourth Crusade to reconquer and liberate Holy Land from Islam --- alliance w/ the catholics and the Byzantines --- didn't go well > French Spain & Italy got assez kicked in Jerusalem ----- catholics blame byzantine empire; didn't provide adequate support --- when catholic knights were driven out of Jerusalem they made way for constantinople ----- pillaged the city -Politically fragmented the byzantine > divided them into many small catholic controlled kingdoms |
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Genghis Khan and the Mongol Invasions
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- Rise of the Mongols under Genghis Khan (1162-1227); unites all the Mongol tribes and conquers from the Pacific to the Black Sea
- when he dies in battle, his three sons divide his land - Eventually 4 major Mongolian Empires |
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Il-Khanate
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the most important of the 4 fragments of Genghis' empire
- it was his son, Hulagu Khan (1217-1265), who created the Il-Khanate. He subdued the Rum Seljuq and made it his vassal - Mongols adopt the culture of the older civilizations that they conquered; converts from buddhism to Islam - Byzantine makes a truce with the Mongols which helps Byzantine empire drive out the remaining Catholics |
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Michael VIII Palaiologos & Byzantine Resurgence
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- rallies the remaining byz knights to drive out the remaining catholics in Constantinople 1261 with help of il-khanate
- they would choose living under islam than catholic world |
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Osmanli Turks
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- Movement westward, drawn into fighting as mercenaries became part of the Seljuk army in battle against Mongols
- Osmanli resisted the authority of the Seljuk turks; Seljuks made them resettle and serve as border guards - in 1221 the advancing Mongol Tolui, one of Genghis Khan's sons, swept through Transoxiana, causing many turkish tribes to flee to Seljuq --- one of these tribes = Qayi ----- leader = Osman |
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The Ghazi Tradition
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Islam at a universal level - divides the world into 2 groups:
- Daruislam: the House of Islam (house of the faithful) - Darulharb: the House of War People who have a religion based on old testament; allowed to live (Abrahamic Tradition!) others non old-testament = should be executed A Ghazi fulfills the mission of expanding the house of Islam |
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Expanding the Empire
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Osman
Ohran *Murad I* *Bayezid* Mehmed I Murad II |
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Osman
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- Embraces the role of Ghazi; begins to launch many attacks on his surrounding neighbors, despite the fact that they were much larger than him
- led frequent attacks on the byzantine empire - other turking and muslim tribes joined him and together they formed a warrior elite with osman as "primus inter pares"- leader - 1326 = death |
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Ohran
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- (1326-1357) continues Osman's success
- expands Ottoman control East into Muslim areas (in theory Muslims are not suppose to fight each other) --- since it is against Islam to attack other muslims, he forms alliance with muslim chiefs; unequal alliance with tribute - allies with John VI Kantakouzinos during Byzantine Civil War |
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*Murad I*
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- (1357-1389)
- FIRST one to institutionalize power --- developed the system of alliances and vassalage to its higher levels - expands territory even more E and W --- expansion into Balkans: 1369 > defeated Bulgarian army and seized Adrianople, now Edirne; made it his capital; now a European Empire --- Made Byzantine Empire his ally --- ***Began "muslimification" of the Balkans --- Osmanli turks now change their fighting style in order to adapt to fighting western style knights - Killed in Battle of Kosovo --- either by conquest, vassalage, or alliance; most of the balkans was under Muslim control --- in this battle the Serbian empire was destroyed; therefore this battle became legend in serbia and was considered a turning point in its history ----- also became a symbol of Serbian Nationalism in later years, motivation for uprise against ottomans --- If he didn't die, we might have seen an entirely Muslim Europe |
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*Bayezid*
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- The Thunderbolt
- **continued the tradition of ottoman leaders coming into power as mature adult men - moves away from the system of allies and vassals b/c he saw that it failed when his father's allies revolted (both christian and muslim) --- introduced the policy of incorporating conquered lands (Bayezid's men now were sent to conquered areas to rule) --- Imperialism solidified - Balkan conquests: he not only reconquers father's territory > he expands his domain --- in response, the catholic church organizes the last crusade --- Battle of Nicopolis (1396): ends the last crusade. Bayezid's army crushes the last of the catholic knights - Battle of Ankara (1402) --- Ottoman's suffer their first major defeat. Byezid captured on field of battle. Lost b/c army had to move so far to get to battle and were weary by time of arrival; also, had never seen elephants before and terrified them --- Timur the Lame wins the battle, Bayezid dies in captivity - Bayezid had many sons claiming the throne --- emperors = allowed 4 wives (at one time) and limitless concubines ----- bayezid had 7 wives and hella concubines ----- had 8 sons - Mehmed I emerges victorious from the 4 sided civil war of succession |
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Murad II
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- (1421-1451)
- 1422: laid siege to Constantinople - 9th time the city has been attacked - but unable to get past walls - conquered the Aegean Coast of Anatolia - re-established Ottoman power up to the Danube --- after 22 years of war, abdicated to become a religious Scholar --- 12 years old son Mehmed II crowned, but forces his father to come out of retirement and brush the crusader knights at Varna and then at Kusovo --- Son becomes King again at 21 years old, known as Mehmed the Conquerer |
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John VI Kantakouzinos
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- the Regent ruler in place of John V until he came of age
- decided to keep power > caused civil war for Byzantine Empire |
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Byzantine Civil War
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- (1341-1379)
- John V - Allied with Bulgaria - John K - Allied with Ohran --- Benefited both sides: Ohran was welcomed to make European settlements |
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Second Bulgarian Empire
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Tsar Ivan Alexander:
- made peace with Serbia (Stefan Dushan); and together they made advances on the Byzantine empire - sided with Jon V Palaiologos in the Byz civil war; enemy of the Ottomans --- planned crusade against ottomans but stopped when Dushan died; couldn't defeat Ottomans w/o them |
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Muslimification
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- began by Murad I in the Balkans
- adopted policy of settling Muslim immigrants in newly conquered territories; built hundreds of mosques |
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Intermarriage
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form stronger alliances, since in Islam you shouldn't attack other muslims
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Vassalage
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other muslim nobles - to not break with Ghazi tradition of not harming other muslims
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The Battle of Kosovo
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- June 15, 1389
- forged idea of serbian national identity; they were one of the few groups NOT under Ottoman control - Murad I died in battle |
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Ottoman dynastic succession
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in the ottoman tradition, power went to the strongest - complications when there are more than one son
- against Ghazi tradition - every time an emperor dies brothers fight each other for power |
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Timur the Lame
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- 2nd greatest mongol ruler since Genghis Kahn
- wounded in battle, walked with a limp - 1st real threat to Ottomans; muslim vs muslim war when Mongols invade Ottoman empire - Battle of Ankara |
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The Battle of Ankara
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- Timur the Lame vs Bayezid the Thunderbolt
- First major Ottoman defeat; Bayezid captured and died in captivity --- why did they lose? ----- Bayezid had to travel much farther to defend Ankara ----- Timure the Lame had elephants; Bayezid was like WTF |
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John Hunyadi
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- of Hungary
- wanted to start another crusade? |
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The Last Crusade
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- John VIII Palaiologos offered to reunite the Christian world w/ Rome as its head - in exchange for a Crusade
- Murad came out of retirement and crushed crusaders |
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The Queen of Cities: Constantinople
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- Constantinople in the Western World was referred to as the Queen of Cities for 3 reasons:
1) Besides Rome, Constantinople was the other major center for Christianity 2) It was the best city in the world with lots of wealth and huge in size 3) It was also super crucial for spice trade |
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Mehmed II & the Capture of Constantinople
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Why was taking the city so important?
1) Mehmed was obsessed with taking the city b/c it represented the Perennial threat of Crusades 2) Capturing the city had long been a central element in Islam. There was also a prophecy in the Qur'an that said Islam of the world will rule over all once they rule over the "Red Apple" which scholars interpreted to be Constantinople 3) Also, the "Islamic Roman Empire" needed to have the "New Rome" for its capital 4) Personal quest to match his heroes, Achilles and Alexander the Great 5) His half-brother was in the city |
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The Conquest
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1) Preparations: Gonna be greatest battle in history. Con. had a lot of security, BIG walls. Mehmed spent lots of $ building navy, cannons, large army
2) Strategy: bombard walls with canon fire until they broke 3) Siege: surround city by land and sea. At first, plan failed - cannons could not break through. Put cannons on ship to move to point where walls were weakest. 4) The Fall: May 1453 - Final assault on Constantinople is launched, the wall is breached in 3 places. Army breaks through, takes over |
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Why was siege successful?
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primarily because of the *canons.*
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Aftermath
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soldiers pillage and plunder for three days (that's their payment)
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Theodosian Walls
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Huge walls of Constantinople. outer most walls 40 ft thick
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Urban of Hungary
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engineer who invented basilika (big weapon), 15th c.
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Rumeli Hisar
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fortress build by Mehmed II in order to prevent aid from reaching Constantinople through Black Sea?
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May 29, 1453
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The day Constantinople fell
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Ayasofya
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Original "Hagia Sofia"
Center of Orthodoxy - the transformation into a muslim center > did not destroy the magnificence of Constantinople, they just incorporated it into Islam --- to show they were the inheritors of the Roman Empire |
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Kostantiniyye
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"to the city"
- new name for Const. - Nicknames Istanbul |
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Topkapi
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this is the magnificent palace built by Mehmed the Conqueror to demonstrate the might of the Ottomans and Islam; both the seat of secular power and faith
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Gennadios II
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Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
- agreed to faithfully serve the Sultan |
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Synod of Constantinople
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formally separated the Orthodox church from Catholic
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Expulsion of the Jews
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(1492) Ferdinand in Spain expelled all the Sephardic Jews from Spain. Bayezid opens the gates to them and they come flooding into the ottoman empire bringing with them their wealth and skills
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Kul
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Slave of the Sultan. This was the slavery system which was the basis for the foundation and construction of the ottoman state. People were captured in war, and were trained to become civil servants
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Devsirme
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systematic process by which: periodically, Muslims would come and collect the smarted and strongest male children between ages of 8-13. strong ones became Janissaries and smart ones were converted to island and trained to be next generation of scholars, and administrative elite
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Shah Ismail I
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Safavid leader the committed to Shia Islam over Sunni
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Battle of Mohacs
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Aug. 29, 1526
- Suleiman had the greatest victory against the Catholic alliance that pushes the Ottoman empire into central Europe - This also solidifies Ottoman control of Hungary - Suleiman now takes on the new title of Emperor of Rome |
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Campaign of Two Iraqs
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Suleiman reduces the Safavid territory significantly
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**Pargali Ibrahim Pasha**
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Suleiman's best friend. Was a slave taken away from Christian village, sent to Con. to be converted and serve. Sul. promotes him to grand vizier. Great warrior, won many battles, great advisor. BUT, caused jealousy among many people. He was accused of using Sultan's titles for his own (probably planted evidence by enemies). Suleiman has to execute his best friend :(
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Roxolana
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taken as slave from Poland to Con., picked to be part of Royal Harem. Suleiman <3 her, banished all other wives. She takes power when Suleiman becomes a hermit.
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Suleiman's greatest accomplishment?
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administrative system that he created. will be basis of the empire for the next 400 years!
- Code of Rayas: Christian, Jews, Islamic scholars condensed into one clear code for non-muslims - made compilation of all previous laws enacted by prior sultans - Pax Ottomanica: 60 years of internal peace and prosperity |
