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ANATOMY MEANS??




STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE BODY. HOW THE PARTS ARE PUT TOGETHER

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PHYSIOLOGY MEANS??




STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY. HOW THE BODY PARTS WORK

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5 STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF BODY ORGANIZATION

1. CHEMICAL
2. CELLULAR
3. TISSUE
4. ORGAN
5. SYSTEM

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WHAT DOES THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE MEAN?





ATOMS AND MOLECULES - CHON

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WHAT DOES THE CELLULAR STRUCTURE MEAN?





SMALLEST LIVING UNITS OR CELLS-MUSCLE

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WHAT DOES THE TISSUE STRUCTURE MEAN?




GROUP OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF TISSUE TOGETHER TO PERFORM A FUNCTION

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Front 7

WHAT DOES THE SYSTEM STRUCTURE MEAN?




VARIOUS ORGANS ARRANGED TO PERFORM COMPLEX BODY FUNCTIONS-CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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Front 8

ANATOMICAL POSITION MEANS?

REFERENCE POSITION USED TO DESCRIBE BODY PARTS AND REGIONS.

STANDING, ARMS AT SIDE, PALMS FORWARD, HEAD AND FEET POINTING FORWARD

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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
1. SUPERIOR--TOWARD HEAD
2. INFERIOR--TOWARD FEET
3. ANTERIOR/VENTRAL--FRONT SIDE
4. POSTERIOR/DORSAL--BACK SIDE
5. MEDIAL-TOWARD MIDLINE OF BODY
6. LATERAL-TOWARD THE SIDE OF BODY-AWAY FROM MIDLINE

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Front 10

ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
7. PROXIMAL--NEAR TRUNK OF THE BODY
8. DISTAL--FARTHEST AWAY FROM TRUNK OF THE BODY
9. SUPERFICIAL--NEAR BODY SURFACE
10. DEEP--FARTHEST AWAY FROM BODY SURFACE

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Front 11

BODY PLANES
1. SAGITTAL--DIVIDES BODY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT SECTIONS
2. MIDSAGITTAL-2 EQUAL HALVES
3. FRONTAL--DIVIDES INTO ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR
4. TRANSVERSE--DIVIDES INTO UPPER & LOWER

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Front 12

BODY CAVITIES: VENTRAL & DORSAL
1. VENTRAL: FRONT--THORACIC CAVITY, HEART AND LUNGS

- - - - - DIAPHRAGM- - - - - - - -

2. ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY--INCLUDES INTESTINES AND OTHER INTERNAL ORGANS

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BODY CAVITIES

2. DORSAL: BACK

CRANIAL CAVITY--INCLUDES BRAIN

SPINAL CAVITY--INCLUDES SPINAL CORD

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WHAT IS CHEMISTRY??
1. STUDY OF MATTER

WHAT IS MATTER??

ANYTHING THAT HAS WEIGHT AND TAKES UP SPACE

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WHAT IS AN ATOM?
1. SMALLEST PART OF A SUBSTANCE

3 PARTS OF AN ATOM
1. PROTONS
2. NEUTRONS
3. ELECTRONS

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Front 16

WHAT ARE PROTONS?
1. POSITIVE PART FOUND IN NUCLEUS

WHAT ARE NEUTRONS?
1. NO CHARGE IN NUCLEUS WITH PROTONS

WHAT ARE ELECTRONS?
1. NEGATIVE CHARGE OUTSIDE NUCLEUS IN ORBITS

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Front 17

PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS


*PROTONS WILL EQUAL NEUTRONS

2 ON FIRST LEVEL
8 ON NEXT LEVEL

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Front 18

MOLECULE??
1. TWO OR MORE ATOMS UNITED TOGETHER

2 KINDS OF MOLECULES
1. ELEMENT
2. COMPOUND

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Front 19

ELEMENT?
1. MADE OF LIKE ATOMS (O2) OR (H2)

COMPOUND?
1. MADE OF UNLIKE ATOMS (H20) OR (C02)

IONS?
1. ELECTRICALLY CHARGED ATOMS

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Front 20

ELECTROLYTES?
1. MOLECULES THAT FORM IONS WHEN IN SOLUTION

**OPPOSITE CHARGES ATTRACT--LIKE CHARGES REPEL

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IONIC BONDING MEANS? ELECTRON TRANSFER
(1) 4 OR MORE WANTS TO GIVE
(2) 5 OR MORE WANTS TO TAKE
(3) NOT STABLE FALL APART EASY
(4) LOSS OF ONE OR MORE ELECTRONS BY AN ATOM & GAIN OF THOSE ELECTRONS BY ANOTHER, RESULT=POSITIVE & NEGATIVE ATOMS THAT ATTRACT

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AXIAL--INCLUDES

1. HEAD
2. NECK
3. TORSO
4. TRUNK

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Front 23

APPENDICULAR--INCLUDES

1. LIMBS --ARMS AND LEGS

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Front 24

WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?

1. RELATIVE CONSTANCY OF INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

2. STATE OF BALANCE WITHIN THE BODY NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN HEALTH & SURVIVAL

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Front 25

2 FEEDBACK LOOPS

1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP--OPPOSE A CHANGE IN CONDITION (BODY GETS COLD, MUSCLES SHIVER TO INCREASE THE BODY TEMP)

2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP--THEY ARE STIMULATORY THAT AMPLIFY THE CHANGE OCCURING (CONTRACTIONS WHEN HAVING A BABY)

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Front 26

COVALENT BONDING MEANS?

ELECTRON SHARING

1. TWO OR MORE ELECTRONS SHARE ELECTRONS ON THEIR OUTER SHELL. NOT EASILY BROKEN

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Front 27

PH, ACIDS, BASES

PH? THE CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN IONS H+

ACIDS? COMPOUND THAT GIVES OFF H+ IONS

BASE? COMPOUND THAT PICKS UP H+ IONS

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Front 28

PH SCALE

( 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14)
1-6 ACID
7-NEUTRAL
8-ABOVE ALKALINE
BLOOD IS 7.35-7.45 (SLIGHTLY ALKALINE)

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Front 29

--MUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECK--
ORBICULARIS OCULI--CLOSE EYE (WINK/SQUINT)

ORBICULARIS ORIS--CLOSE MOUTH (PUCKER)

BUCCINATOR--PUFF UP CHEEKS & WHISTLE

MASSETER--CLOSES JAW FOR CHEWING

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID--TOTATES & FLEXES HEAD & NECK

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Front 30

--MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITIES--
1. TRAPEZIUS-EXTEND HEAD & NECK, ADDUCT SCAPULA
2. LATISSIMUS DORSI-EXTENDS & ADDUCTS UPPER ARM (SWIM)
3. PECTORALIS MAJOR-FLEXES & ADDUCTS ARM
4. DELTOID-ABDUCT UPPER ARM (INJECTION SITE)
5. BICEPS BRACHII-FLEXES FOREARM
6. TRICEPS BRACHII-EXTENDS FOREARM

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Front 31

MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK & FUNCTIONS

1. DIAPHRAGM-FUNCTION (RESPIRATIONS)
2. EXTERNAL INTERCOASTALS
3. EXTERNAL & INTERNAL OBLIQUE, TRANSVERS ABDOMINIS AND RECTUS ABDOMINIS (COMPRESSES ABDOMEN & FLEXES TRUNK)

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Front 32

MUSCLES OF LOWER EXTEMITIES--
1. GLUTEUS MAXIMUS--EXTENDS THIGH
2. GLUTEUS MEDIUS-ABDUCTS THIGH-INJECTION
3. ADDUCTORS--ADDUCT THIGH
4. SARTORIS-FLEXES THIGH & ROTATE LOWER LEG, TO CROSS LEGS

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Front 33

MORE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTEMITIES--
5. QUADRICEPS (RECTUS FEMORIS (INJECTION), AND VASTUS LATERALIS (INJECTION)..EXTEND LOWER LEG (KICK)
6. BICEPS FEMORIS (HAMSTRING GROUP)-FLEXES LOWER LEG
7. GASTROCNEMIUS--EXTEND FOOT (PLANTAR FLEX) POINT TOE
8. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR-DORSIFLEX FOOT--PULLING FOOT UP (WALK ON HILLS)

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Front 34

BASIC STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL SYSTEM:

1. BONES
2. JOINTS
3. MADE OF HARD CONNECTIVE TISSUE
4. CALCIUM MAKES BONES HARD

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Front 35

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:

1. SUPPORTS, PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK
2. PROTECTS INTERNAL ORGANS
3. HELPS MAKE MOVEMENT POSSIBLE
4. STORES CALCIUM
5. BLOOD CELL FORMATION

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Front 36

TYPES OF BONES


1. LONG--UPPER ARM, LEG
2. SHORT--WRIST AND HAND
3. FLAT--SKULL AND RIBS, PELVIS,STERNUM
4. IRREGULAR--VERTEBRAE AND KNEE CAP

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Front 37

PARTS OF A LONG BONE
1. DIAPHYSIS--SHAFT
2. EPIPHYSIS-END OF THE BONE
3. MEDULLARY CAVITY-HOLLOW AREA IS DIAPHYSIS
4. YELLOW BONE MARROW-BLOOD CELL PRODUCING TISSUE IN EPIPHYSES & FLAT BONES

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Front 38

**MORE PARTS OF A LONG BONE**

PERIOSTEUM--CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE THAT COVERS DIAPHYSIS

ENDOSTEUM--CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT LINES MEDULLARY CAVITY

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE-THIN LAYER OF CARTILAGE THAT COVERS EPIPHSIS

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Front 39

COMPACT BONE
1. HARD DENSE BONE
2. FOUND ON OUTER PART OF EPIPHYSIS & THE BULK OF DIAPHYSIS
3. COMPOSED OF MANY LAYERS OF CALCIFIED MATRIX W/HAVERSIAN OR CENTRAL CANALS, THAT SERVE AS PASSAGEWAYS FOR BLOOD VESSELS & NERVES

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SPONGY BONE--POROUS BONE

1. HAS MANY SPACES
2. FOUND INSIDE THE EPIPHYSIS
3. FILLED WITH RED BONE MARROW

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Front 41

CRAINAL BONES
1. FRONTAL--FOREHEAD
2. PARIETAL--TOP & UPPER LATERAL HEAD
3. TEMPORAL--"EAR" AREA-LOWER LATERAL HEAD
4. OCCIPITAL--BACK OF THE HEAD
5. SPHENOID

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