Hhp Cardio 2

Front 1

list the stages/features of the electro cardiogram

Back 1

p wave is atrial depolarisation

qrs ventricular depolarisation

t wave- ventricular repolarisation

p-q interval - av node conduction time

q-t ventricular systole

t-q interval - ventricular diastole

r-r interval time between heart beats

Front 2

5 things that the cardiac cycle involves

Back 2

Phases in pumping action of heart-pump cycle

Opening and closing of valves

Changes in aortic, ventricular and atrial pressure,

contraction and relaxation of heart muscle

Changes in ventricular volume

Heart Sounds

Front 3

outline the various stages of the cardiac cycle starting from ventricular filling

Back 3

ventricular filing
atrial contraction
isovolumetric contraction
ventricular ejection
isovolumetric relaxation
ventricular filling

Front 4

what is venous return

what is isovolumetric contraction

ventricular ejection

isovolumetric relaxation

ventricular filling

Back 4

Venous Return: Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation passes through the AV valves under its own pressure

Isovolumetric contraction: Ventricles contract but pressure is not yet enough the open semilunar valves therefore ventricular volume remains constant

Ventricular Ejection: Exit of blood from the ventricles


Isovolumetric relaxation: Ventricles relax but too much pressure still to allow AV valves to open and not enough pressure to maintain semilunar valves open therefore all valves are shut and there is no change in blood volume in ventricles

Ventricular filling: Blood enters ventricles

Front 5

what is aortic pressure used as

what is the minimum pressure reached

when does pressure increase

what is dicrotic notch caused by


what is the average aortic pressure occuring in the cardiac cycle

Back 5

Blood pressure measurement

Diastole-Aortic valve closed

Decline as blood is leaving aorta

Minimum reached is diastolic pressure

Aortic valve opens and aortic pressure increases rapidly, maximum is systolic pressure

Dicrotic notch is caused by shutting of Aortic valve

Average aortic pressure occurring in cardiac cycle is mean arterial pressure

Front 6

formulae for pp is what

what is the average pp in the normal healthy adult

formulae for MAP

What is the average MAP occuring in the cardiac cycle

Back 6

PP=SP-DP
In normal healthy adult:
PP=120mmHg-80mmHg=40mmHg
If high can indicate hardening of arteries

MAP=DP+(PP/3)

In normal healthy adult
MAP=80mmHg+1/3(40)=93.3mmHg
Not average between DP and SP.
Due to aortic pressure in a cardiac cycle being nearer max for less time than min values

Front 7

volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole is?

what is esv


how to work out stroke volume

define ejection fraction

Back 7

Volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole is EDV


Volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of systole is ESV

SV=EDV-ESV

70ml=135ml-65ml

65ml blood left in ventricle at end of systole

Ejection fraction (EF) ratio of the volume ejected in one beat to the volume immediately prior to ejection
EF=SV/EDV
0.52=70/135ml 52%

Front 8

explain how the 2 sounds lup and dup occur in the cardiac cycle

what are'nt the sounds caused by

Back 8

‘lub’ ‘dup’
First sounds occurs at start of systole when AV valves close.
Second at start of diastole when semi lunar valves close

Not snapping shut of valves
Turbulent rush of blood through valves as they narrow and close

Front 9

what is chd caused by

what does plaque restrict


what type of things can it lead to

Back 9

Due to accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries

Plaques restrict blood flow to the myocardium

Can lead to chest pain (angina pectoris) and heart attack

Front 10

what are the risk factors of coronary heart disease

Back 10

Risk factors:
High blood cholesterol High blood pressure
Cigarette smoking Obesity
Diabetes Sedentary lifestyle
Genetic predisposition

Front 11

what are patients usually present with with chd

it is usual to inject patients with??

once thhe patient is stable what can be done and what does this involve

Back 11

Patients usually present with chest pain/acute heart attack

Usual to inject patients with streptokinase to break up blood clots.

Once stable, can use angiography to detect blockages in coronary arteries.
I
nvolves the injection of a radio-opaque dye into the coronary circulation and detect blockages with X-rays.

Front 12

2 routine procedures to treat chd

Back 12

Two routine procedures used to treat CAD
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

Front 13

explain what does angioplasty entail

Back 13

Front 14

what are the problems associated with angioplasty

Back 14

Problems: balloon inflation induces ischaemia (inadequate blood flow to an organ) in heart.

Damage to vessel may lead to closure of artery again in 3-6 months.

Front 15

what is done usually to counteract these problems

Back 15

Stent is normally introduced into the artery to stop the artery narrowing again (restenosing).

Front 16

what is bypass grafting

Back 16

Bypass grafting:

Normally use the saphenous vein from the leg.

Routine to have between 2 and 4 grafts to bypass blocked arteries.

Front 17

what are the problems associated with cabg

Back 17

Problems:
Open chest surgery.
Involves stopping the heart.
Grafts can restenose.

Front 18

outline the congential heard disease

ventral defect

and

septal defect

Back 18

Septal defect: Allows blood to flow directly left to right

Venticular defect caused by incomplete development of septum. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix 1:500 births

Front 19

outline the co arcation of the aorta


and patent ductus arteriosus

Back 19

Coarctation of the aorta: aorta too narrow, flow reduced, left ventricle pumps harder, high bp.


Patent ductus arteriosus: in some babies, ductus arteriosus, a temporary blood vessel between pulmonary trunk and aorta remains open. Blood destined for aorta instead flows to lower pressure pulmonary trunk, increasing trunk blood pressure and overworking ventricles.

Front 20

explain the tetralogy of the fallot

and the prevalence rates

Back 20

4 defects. Ventral septal defect, aorta that emerges from both ventricles, stenosed pulmonary valve and enlarged right ventricle. Very little blood reaches pulmonary circulation. Therefore cyanosis (lack of O2 in blood) occurs -blue baby. 1:2000 births