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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does life span developmental science seek to do? |
1. describe characteristics at different ages 2. identify how people respond to things at different ages. 3. formulate theories that explain the "typical" characteristics and responses 4.3 understand what factors contribute to differences. |
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What does reflective practices emphasize? |
beliefs and knowledge as precursors to practice |
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True/False: We use theory as a lens which is taken into consideration when we experience problems? |
True |
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Describe what makes a classic stage theory? |
1. emphasize discontinuity 2. periods of stability 3. rapid transitions between stages |
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Name three classic stage theories. |
1. Freud's Psychosexual stages 2. Erikson's Psychosocial stages 3. Piaget's Cognitive Developmental stages |
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According to Freud, what three aspects affect personality? |
id, ego, superego |
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Describe the id. |
1. the biologic self. 2. source of psychic energy 3. needs the fulfillment of physical needs or instincts 4. irrational 5. driven by pleasure principle 6. used to keep individual alive |
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Describe the ego. |
1. develops when cognition and physical skills emerge. 2. rational and realistic 3. makes sure needs are met in a more sensible way 4. operates on the reality prinicple |
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Describe the superego. |
1. "internalized parent" 2. must meed the needs of the id without upsetting the ego. if this happens anxiety of guilt will emerge |
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Why are Freud's stages called psychosexual? |
because the changes within the id and its energy levels initiated in each new stages. need fulfillment is a critical factor for each stage |
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What are Freud's five stages of psychosexual develop? |
1. Oral (B-1 y) 2. Anal (1-3 y) 3. Phallic (3-6 y) 4. Latency (6-puberty) 5. Genital (puberty-death) |
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Describe Freud's oral stage in his developmental theory. |
1. mouth=pleasure 2. oral fixation appears if too much or little satisfaction is present |
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Describe Freud's anal stage in his developmental theory. |
1. anal area=pleasure 2. too harsh toilet training can create anal fixation |
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Describe Freud's phallic stage in his developmental theory. |
1. genitalia=pleasure 2. sexual desire is directed towards the opposite sex parent. 3. if child has problems there sex role development or moral character may be weak. |
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What stage does the Oedipus and Electra complexes emerge in Freud's theory? |
Phallic 1. oedipus: son is mad that dad gets to have sex with mom and he doesn't so he hates his father. feels Castration anxiety 2. Electra: daughter is mad dad gets to have sex with mom and she doesn't like mom. feels penis envy. |
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Describe Freud's latency stage in his developmental theory. |
1. quiet area of personality development. 2. more focused on work and play |
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Describe Freud's genital stage in his developmental theory. |
1. adult sex needs=number 1 2. fulfill the needs and energy in socially acceptable activities |
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What is the premise of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development? |
The individual focuses on the attitudes and feelings towards self and to others. In order to move past a stage, the individual must experience a crisis in order to move on. |
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What are Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development. |
1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative vs. guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Ego integrity vs. Despair |
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What happens during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage? |
Child thinks world is great and safe because of positive care giving. |
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What happens during the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage? |
sense of independence tied to new mental and motor skills. |
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What happens during the Initiative vs. guilt stage? |
child changes the way they behave to gain "grown-up" responsibility |
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What happens during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage? |
learn important academic skills to be compared to peers in school |
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What happens in the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage? |
make choices about values, vocational goals, etc as the adolescent moves into adulthood. |
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What happens in the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage? |
share identity with others and commit to partnerships. |
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What happens during the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage? |
wishes to make contribution to next generation. mentor or create something of lasting value. |
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What happens during the Ego integrity vs. Despair stage? |
come to term with life successes, failures, and missed opportunities. |
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Name the ages associated with Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. |
1. B-1 y 2. 1-3 y 3. 3-6 y 4. 6-12 y 5. 12-20 y 6. young adulthood 7. middle adulthood 8. late adulthood |
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What view of development does Piaget's cognitive developmental theory take hold of and why? |
Constructivist view because children build on their own knowledge and use logical thinking (operational thought). Piaget believes logical reasoning skills emerge naturally in stages. |
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Name Piaget's stages in order with ages. |
Sensorimotor (B-2 y); preoperational (2-7 y); concrete operational (7-12 y); formal operational (12-adult) |
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What happens in the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's development? |
infact's actions shift from reflexive to more representational thought. |
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What happens in the preoperational stage of Piaget's development? |
-representational thought=slow. -all about me thinking -thinking is not logical yet |
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What happens during the concrete operational stage of Piaget's development? |
-thinking is more rapid and efficient. -decenter thinking -discover logical relationships between pieces of info |
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What happens during the formal operational stage of Piaget's development? |
-logical and abstract thinking develops -begin to think logically about hypothetical situations |
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What sets incremental models of development apart from classical stage theories? |
change is steady and specific to particular behaviors or behavioral domains. |
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What are the characteristics of an incremental model? |
1. emphasize continuity 2. development is continuous |
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Name examples of incremental models. |
1. Behaviorist Tradition 2. Social Learning theory 3. Information Processing theory |
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Behavioral Tradition models including what two types of conditioning?
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classical and operant |
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What is the fundamentals of classical conditioning? |
-AKA respondent condition -when a neutral event is associated wit ha stimulus that changes the response to the event |
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What is a respondent? |
an automatic response to a stimulus |
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What is an unconditioned response? |
built-in to your biological system. |
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How does an unconditioned response turn into a conditioned response? |
when it is paired wit ha new, neutral stimulus |
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What is a conditioned stimulus? |
when the neutral event is associated with an event that causes an automatic response |
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What is a conditioned response? |
when the individual makes the same automatic response to a stimulus in the future |
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Which theorist are associated with behavioral theory? |
John Watson, BF Skinner and Albert Bandura |
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What are the fundamentals associated with operant conditioning? |
When a person performs some behavior any act that with potential to lead to consequences in the environment |
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What is reinforcement? |
something that is experienced by the person that is pleasureable or rewarding. -can be positive or negative |
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What is positive reinforcement? |
approving reaction to the operant |
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What is negative reinforcement? |
The experience stops or is removed after the operant occurs. |
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How do children learn according to social learning theorists? |
By modeling (directly observing someone) or by generalization (child says something to one thing and thinks all things are like that) |
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What is information processing theories? |
The mind works on information: attending, holding in STM, and storing in LTM using strategies to organize and draw conclusions from it. |
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What are multidimensional (systems) theories? |
what we call modern developmental theories. -what happens at one level both causes and is caused by what happens at other levels |
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What are bidirectional processes? |
The relationship among causes |
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Name two examples of multidimensional theories. |
-Brondenbrenner's bioecological model -Life span development |
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What is the premise of Brondenbrenner's bioecological model? |
-it is based on the interaction between proximal and distal processes. |
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What are proximal processes? |
a person's immediate interaction with people or with the physical environment or with informational courses such as books or movies. |
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What are distal processes? |
Influences that modify proximal processess |
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What are the four stages of multidimensional systems of development? |
-microsystem: immediate environment, home, school, peers -mesosystem: interactions among components of the microsystem -exosystem: extended family, community, society -macrosystem: broader culture, ideology, attitudes |
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What is the life span developmental theory? |
-adaptation happens from conceptions until death with proximal interactions between organism and the immediate context modifies by more distal processes both within the individual and in the environment. |
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What is neuroplasticity? |
The change in the brain that occurs as a result of some practice or experience. |
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What is universality and specificity |
-recognize the critical influence of culture -recognize the importance of context as causal in development |
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What are some rules for helping professionals when working with the life span? |
-keep UTD on developments -take a multidimensional view of development -be aware of cultural frames -be mindful of scientific meanings of theories -be selective about your sources of information -be committed to ongoing education in the field. |
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What is developmental psychopatholgy? |
-this highlights developmental approaches to specific behavioral disorders. -guided by multidimensional or systems theories |
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What are protective factors? |
-individual's strengths and environment's supports that help promote healthy outcomes. |
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What are risk factors? |
-environmental stressors and individual experiences that can interfere with healthy development. |
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What are mediating variables? |
-intervening factors that link influences to developmental outcomes |
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What are moderating variables? |
-variables that affect the strength of the relationship between other variables |
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What is primary prevention in developmental psychopathology? |
-forestalling problems by promoting wellness in the general population |
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What is secondary prevention in developmental psychopathology? |
-reducing incidence of disorders among those at high risk, or providing treatment to forestall serious psychopathology |
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What is tertiary prevention in developmental psychopathology? |
-rehabilitating persons with established disorders |
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What is nature vs. nurture? |
-The argument that theorists are taking to see which one has more power on development. -genes do nothing without environmental input |
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What is epigenesis? |
-process by which outside factors influence how hereditary material functions |
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What is epigenome? |
a full set of factors from the cell to the outside world that controls the expression of hereditary material |
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What is coaction? |
-reciprocal influence of hereditary and environmental factors. |
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Describe conception. |
-sperm fertilizes ovum for a total of 46 chromosomes -results in zygote with 23 pairs of chromosomes -zygote implants into uterus -now known as embryo |
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How to remake DNA |
-Through transcription, an enzyme takes apart the intertwined strands, and each part now stands alone for a template as a new strand of mRNA -through transcription, cells read the mRNA strand to conjugate appropriate bases and produces a protoprotein, which will turn into a protein with a little tweeking |
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What is gene expression? |
the entire transcription and translation process |
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True or False: When the outside environment messes with gene structure, sometimes methylation or acetylation will happen inside cells to speed or slow down cell production. |
True |
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What is co-dominance |
blended or additive outcome of genes |
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What are polygenic influences? |
-these make sure the prediction of trait alleles has only modest influences on phenotypic outcomes (height, skin color, perseonality, psychopathology) |
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What is the genotype? |
full component of an organism genes |
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What is the phenotype? |
the different physical and behavioral characteristics |
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What is the 9-month gestational period? |
1.zygote (about 2 weeks): from fertilization to implantation 2. embryo (3-8 weeks): when most of the body's organ systmes and structures form 3. fetus (9-40): brain and nervous system develop dramatically, reproductive systems form, size increases |
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What are hereditary diseases? |
-function of defective genes, wrong number of chromosomes -Can be defective gene alleles -example: sickle-cell, progeria, Huntington's disease -Can be chromosomal abnormalities -trisomy 21 |
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What are teratogens? |
-environmental agents that harm the fetus |
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What is neurulation? |
-occurs around week 2, around 25 days the first neurons from |
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What structures are in the hindbrain? |
-medulla, pons, cerebellum, the reticular formation -Function: regulate autonomic functions |
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What structures are in the midbrain? |
-superior colliculi, interior, colliculi, and substantia nigra -Function: vision, bearing, and consciousness |
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What structures are in the forebrain? |
-Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system -Function: handles neural communication |
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Describe the structure of a neuron. |
-cell body: contains the nucleus -dendrites: short extensions, receives impulses -Axon: long extension, transmits impulses -Axon terminals: Stores and releases NT to transmit signals -synapse: the gap between neurons |
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Describe the allostatic model. |
-it's the architecture of the stress response -it includes the CNS, controls multiple regulatory processes, adjusts a variety of systems to create and adaptive balance. |
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What is the primary stress management apparatus? |
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis |
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What is another name of chronic stress? |
allostatic load |
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What did Piaget see children as? |
Active learners |
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Assimilation + Accommodation = ? |
adaptation |
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What is assimilation? |
fitting new information to existing knowledge |
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What is accommodation? |
changing knowledge structures to fit what is new |
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Which Piagetian stage is infant cognition classified in? |
Sensorimotor |
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What Piagetian stage is preschooler's congition classified in? |
Preoperational |
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What does it mean when modern research indicated cognitive development is often domain specific? |
It means that development can proceed at different rates in different domains. |
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What are habituation paradigms? |
A baby's tendency to orient to new stimulation and to habituate to repeated or old stimulation |
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What are preferential response paradigms? |
-When a baby is presented with multiple stimuli, we record which one the baby responds to the most. |
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What was the result of preferential response paradigms? |
Newborms visual acuity is substantially less than adults, but around 8 months VA is equal |
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What happens in the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's theory? |
sensory stimuli |
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In order to understand object concept, what two skills must be present? |
Intersensory integration and representational thought |
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What is intersenory integration? |
When young babies use their senses to perceive an object, they construct some notion of the objects characteristics |
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What is object permanence? |
when your perceptual processes or actions on the object are not necessary to its continuation |
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True or false: Object permanence is NOT needed for representational thought. |
FALSE |
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What is representational thought? |
the capacity to think about things or events that are not currently stimulating our senses. |
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What is the difference between recognition and recall? |
-Recognition: ability at birth. -recall: comes in around 8-9 months old |
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What is recognition? |
The ability to differentiate between experiences that are new and experiences we have before |
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What is recall? |
The ability to bring to mind an experience that had happened int he past. |
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How is recall different from recognition? |
Because to be remembered it has to be mentally represented |
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What is one indicator of recall? |
-Deferred imitation: when you observe the action of another and then imitate those actions later |
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What happens during the preoperational stage? |
-preoperational=preschool -understand numbers and mind -start to look at perspectives -understanding symbols -start to develop language |
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How do preschools start to understand numbers in the preoperational stage of Piagetian theory? |
-adhere to one-on-one principle and order-irrelevance principle in counting -these skills come gradually, you have to increase depth and breadth -practice and exploration is critical |
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What is preoperational egocentrism in Piagetian theory? |
-young children being centered around their own perspective |
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What must happen before a child can understand symbols? |
must mentally represent the same thing in two ways at once. |
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When do babies express phonology in language development? |
-phonology: the sound system of language -around 6 months when they start babbling |
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What is semantics? |
-when children learn which words and work parts express their meanings. |
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What is syntax? |
-AKA grammar
-rules to link words into meaningful sentences |
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What is the concept of pragmatics? |
-knowing how to use language effectively to communicate. |
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Name two ways that preschool helps children. |
-builds skills supportive of later academic success -providing essential building blocks for literacy |
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What is the premise of Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory? |
-emphasis on the role of culture, society in transmitting knowledge, and studying the "child in context" |
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What is the central concept of Vygotsky's theory? |
-mediated learning: the child's acquisition of knowledge is mediated in the sense that is highly influenced by surrounding environment and culture. |
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What is the point scaffolding in Vygotsky's theory? |
-it serves as a temporary prop until a child has mastered a task |
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What is the way to make learning possible only with support or scaffolding by others with more experience? |
-zone of proximal development |
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What is the difference between private and inner speech? |
-private speech is the precursor to the problem solving, planning ability, and function. it eventually becomes internalized. -inner speech is an internal dialogue that facilitates thinking |
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True or false: Private speech is used in mediating thinking and learning. |
False, inner speech is |
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What do counselors need to remember in the eyes of Piaget and Vygotsky? |
-the need to understand how clients are thinking |
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True or False: There is a clear understanding of how someone develops Autism. |
FALSE |
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What are some possible contributors to the development of AUD? |
-differences in brain development -genetic variation -metabolic influences -teratogenic factors |
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How many individuals does AUD effect? |
-1 in 110 individuals |
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What are some treatment approaches that have been successful when working with individuals with AUD? |
-Applied behavior analysis -comprehensive interdisciplinary programs |
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What are the functions of emotions? |
-have survival value -powerful motivators of behaviors -cognitive functioning |
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What is the Phineas Gage Matrix? |
-syndrome occurs when you have damage to your frontal lobe. -consists of cognitive dysfunctions such as poor planning, inadequate decision making, and inability to take another perspective. |
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What is Izard's differential emotional theory? |
-AKA DET -emotions are universal, naturally occurring phenomena mediated be evolutionary old subcortical brain structures. |
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What are the function of emotional schemas? |
-to help explain why we feel the way we do when we have an experience |
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True/False: Basic emotions emerge in early childhood, especially during the first three years of life. |
False, 2 years |
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What does it mean when Sroufe states emotions develop orthogenetically? |
-starts as un-differentiated responses -differentiated responses -integrated emotional repertoire |
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True or False: In the eyes of Sroufe, mature emotions depend on the development of early emotional expressions. |
True |
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True/False: Later emotions are dependable upon cognitive developments. |
True |
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Which two neuroscientists helped develop theories on emotions? |
-Maclean and LeDoux |
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What is Maclean's views on emotions? |
That emotions are housed in the limbic system, and serves survival functions for many species. |
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What is LeDoux's view on emotions? |
Emotions serve as an early warning emotional system. One draw back to this is emotions bypass the sensory information needed for cortex and rational thought. |
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What are the two pathways neuroscience takes us on when talking about emotions? |
-Behavioral Approach System -Behavior Inhibition System |
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Describe the Behavioral Approach System. |
-associated with the left side of the brain -associated with positive reactions -supports appetite -supports approach related behaviors |
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Describe the Behavior Inhibition System. |
-associated with the right side of the brain -associated with avoidance-related negative reactions -mediates withdrawal especially when a threat is present |
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_________________ ________________ is the cornerstone of emotional well-being and positive adjustment throughout the life span. |
Emotional Regulation |
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How do caregivers help emotional regulation? |
-by scaffolding |
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How does synchrony help develop emotions? |
-Caregiver interactions with children help exhibit repetitive-rhythmic organization |
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What is the Still-face paradigm? |
-Describes the importance of caregiver's responsiveness for infant's emotion regulation -This helps infants realize they have some natural strategies for coping with their emotions |
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True/False: Attachment theories believe that relationships with caregivers do not provide infants with models of self or relationships. |
False |
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How does Erikson view attachment in early social relationships? |
-it helps the infant develop basic trust and feelings of worthiness. -He has proven that early caregiving helps the child form feelings about others. |
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True/False: Erikson states in order to be dependable and trustworthy, you must have developed basic trust as an infant. |
True |
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How does Bowlby view attachment in early social relationships? |
-As a system of innate behaviors bond the infant to the primary caregiver as his first attachment relationship |
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What three functions does Bowlby state an attachment has on a person? |
-Proximity maintenance: maintains proximity so the relationship can nurture the emotional bond -provides a secure base: provides potential for ongoing protection -Safe Haven: creates a haven for the infant when distressed |
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How do you know if someone is attached to you? |
-if they experience separation or stranger anxiety. |
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What test did Ainsworth createan d what does it do? |
-The Strange Situation Test to assess attachment quality |
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What were the results of Ainsworth's research with the Strange Situation Test? |
-Securely attached (B babies) -Anxious-ambivalant insecurely attached (C Babies) -Avoidant insecurely attached (A babies) -after research, Disorganized-disoriented insecurely attached (D babies) |
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Describe B babies. |
-securely attached. -show distress when away from mom as demonstrated by crying and trying to go after her. -greet happily on her return and reach to be held -65% of babies are B babies |
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Describe C babies |
-Anxious-ambivalent insecurely attached -act angry, alternately approaching and resisting mother -seemed preoccupied with their mothers -10% of babies |
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Describe A babies. |
-avoidant insecurely attached -fail to cry when separated from mother -actively avoid or ignore when she returns -may move away from mother when she come close -appear unemotional during separation and reunion -20% |
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Describe D babies. |
-Disorganized-disoriented insecurely attached -produce contradictory behaviors -shows both an inclination to approach mother when stressed and avoid her when she approaches. |
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True/False: Mothers of B babies provide consistent, sensitive care. |
True |
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True/False: Mothers of A babies are sensitive. |
False, mothers are usually insensitive. |
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True/False: The caregiving in 1st year of infant's life is not correlated with the attachment at 12 months. |
False |
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True/False: Mothers of D babies are usually abusive or neglectful. |
True
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What are some infant traits discovered throughout research? |
-fearfulness or reactivity -activity level -positive affect -attention-persistence -rhythmicity |
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Describe how fearfulness or reactivity is important with attachment. |
-This is the infant's proneness to cry or pull away from new stimuli. |
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How does irritability or negative emotionality tie into attachment? |
-This is the infant's tendency to react with fussiness to negative or frustrating events. |
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How does activity level tie into attachment? |
-smiling and laughing, especially to social stimuli |
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What is attention-persistence and why is it important to attachment theorists? |
-Duration of orienting or looking |
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Describe rhythmicity and its relationship to attachment. |
-predictability of sleep, feeding, elimination, and so on |
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What three dimensions are associated with attachment? |
-emotionality (quality and intensity of mood) -control or self-regulatory tendencies (attentional control/persistence) -activity level or surgency |
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True/False: Infant temperament does not influence attachment. |
False |
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How do difficult babies' temperament affect attachment? |
-highly reactive, fearful, and irritable |
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How do easy babies' temperament affect attachment? |
-more placid, positive, and regular |
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Which babies experience extremes and are more fearful? |
Slow-to-warm-up |
