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12 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
Components & functions of the Respiratory System?


Components: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (w/ alveoli), diaphragm and muscles surrounding the ribs.


Functions: Supplies oxygen to the body and eliminates CO2; controlled by the respiratory control center in the medulla.


Respirations?


External respiration: the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli.


Internal respiration: exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells.


Inhalation & Exhalation?


Inhalation: required the contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the thoracic cavity and draw air into the lungs. The upper passageways warm, filter and moisten incoming air. Cilia trap debris and keep foreign substances out of the lungs.


Exhalation: a passive process where the lungs recoil as the muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size.

Oxygenation?

Most O2 is carried by the RBC's bound to hemoglobin. O2 is released from hemoglobin as the concentration of oxygen drops in the tissues. Some CO2 is carried in solution or bound to blood proteins, but most is converted to bicarbonate ion by carbonic anhydrase w/in RBC's. Because this reaction also releases H+ ions, CO2 is a regulator of blood pH.
What is the Alimentary Canal?

The digestive tube that consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI, rectum & anus.

Accessory organs of digestion?

Liver, pancreas & gallbladder.
How does Saliva help with digestion?

Saliva is produced by three pairs of salivary glands and it lubricates and dilutes the chewed food. It contains the enzyme amylase that starts digestion of complex carbs.

Layers of the Digestive System?

From inner to outer: mucous membrane, submucous layer, muscular layer, and serous layer.

What does the Stomach do in digestion?

Gastric glands produce hydrochloric acid that breaks down food in the stomach; the muscles churn and mix the bolus of food, turning it into chyme. Also stores food and regulates the movement of food into the SI.

What does the Small Intestine do in digestion?
Consists of the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum, the SI is the site of food digestion & nutrient absorption through enzymes from the SI and pancreas and bile from the liver. The pancreas also contributes water to dilute the chyme in the SI and bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach.
Where do the Nutrients go in digestion?


Amino acids and simple sugars and carbs are absorbed directly into the blood.


Most fats are absorbed into the lymph by the lacteals which eventually lead to the blood.


All nutrients then enter the hepatic portal vein to be routed to the liver for decontamination.

What does the Large Intestine do in digestion?

The LI reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food. There are abundant bacteria and intestinal flora here.


The LI has 5 portions: The ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon & rectum.