Hesi Biology Evolve

Front 1

Organization of species

Back 1

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Front 2

Scientific process

Back 2

Hypothesis, experiment, conclusion

Front 3

Hydrogen bonding

Back 3

strong cohesive and adhesive properties

Front 4

Cohesion

Back 4

ability of molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another molecule of same substance

Front 5

Adhesion

Back 5

ability of water to bond or attract other molecules or substances

Front 6

Lattice

Back 6

frozen water, causes molecules to spread

Front 7

Carbohydrates

Back 7

Long chains (polymers) of sugars. Functions= storage, structure and energy

Front 8

Lipids

Back 8

3 types: Fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroid

Front 9

Fatty acids

Back 9

Lipid. Either saturated fat or unsaturated fat

Front 10

Saturated fat

Back 10

Lipid(fatty acid) that has no double bonds, is solid at room temp, and causes health problems

Front 11

Unsaturated fat

Back 11

Lipid(fatty acid) that has one or more double bonds, liquid at room temp, and is healthier.

Front 12

Phospholipids

Back 12

Lipid that is two fatty acids bonded to a phosphate group. Important to combine to create a barrier in cell membrane

Front 13

Steroid

Back 13

Lipid that is a component of membranes and a precursor to hormones

Front 14

Proteins

Back 14

Contribute most to cell function. Largest molecule.

Front 15

Amino acid

Back 15

Protein. Polymers of 20 molecules.

Front 16

Enzyme

Back 16

Protein that catalyzes different reactions

Front 17

Nucleic acids

Back 17

DNA and RNA

Front 18

DNA

Back 18

code necessary for replication

Front 19

RNA

Back 19

used in transfer and messenger

Front 20

Metabolism

Back 20

all chemical reactions that occur in an organism

Front 21

Metabolic pathways

Back 21

reactions take place in a series of steps progressing from high energy to low

Front 22

Prokaryote

Back 22

Simple cell has no defined nucleus

Front 23

Eukaryote

Back 23

Complex cell. Has nucleus enclosed in membrane

Front 24

Nucleus

Back 24

Contains DNA (chromosomes)

Front 25

Chromosomes

Back 25

Contain material for regeneration of cell and instructions for function

Front 26

Ribosomes

Back 26

Reads RNA and translates genetic instructions to produce proteins

Front 27

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 27

contains bound ribosomes

Front 28

Cytoplasm

Back 28

Has free ribosomes

Front 29

Rough ER

Back 29

Covered in ribosomes and is responsible for protein synthesis and membrane production

Front 30

Smooth ER

Back 30

No ribosomes, functions in detox and metabolism of multiple molecules

Front 31

Golgi apparatus

Back 31

Packaging, processing, and shipping organelle. Transports materials from ER throughout cell

Front 32

Lysosomes

Back 32

Intracellular digestion takes place. Hydrolyzes proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids

Front 33

Vacuoles

Back 33

Usually during phagocytosis it uptakes food through a cell membrane. In plants it functions in storage, waste disposal, protection, and hydrolysis.

Front 34

Mitochondria

Back 34

Produce energy in eukaryotes and is a site of respiration

Front 35

Chloroplasts

Back 35

Found in plants to produce energy through photosynthesis

Front 36

Cellular membrane

Back 36

Protects, communication, and passage of substance in and out of the cell. Phospholipid bi layer creates hydrophobic and selectively permeable membrane

Front 37

Cellular respiration

Back 37

Produces more energy than fermentation. (32-36 ATP)
1st: Glycolysis
2nd:Krebs cycle
3rd: Electron transport chain

Front 38

Glycolysis

Back 38

First step of cellular respiration. Converts glucose to pyruvate. Produces 2 ATP

Front 39

Krebs cycle

Back 39

Second step of cellular respiration. Pyruvate is transported into a mitochondrion. Produces 2 ATP.

Front 40

Electron transport chain

Back 40

Third step of cellular respiration. Oxidizes NADH molecules to produce oxygen and water. Produces 28-32 ATP.

Front 41

Photosynthesis

Back 41

Reverse reaction of cellular respiration. Light energy is used to produce glucose.
1st: Light reaction
2nd: Calvin cycle

Front 42

Light reaction

Back 42

First step of photosynthesis. Converts solar energy to chemical energy to create NADPH and produce ATP.

Front 43

Calvin cycle

Back 43

Second step of photosynthesis. Uses ATP from light reaction to produce sugar (from carbon dioxide)

Front 44

binary fission

Back 44

Asexual reproduction. chromosome binds to plasma membrane and replicates. It grows, pinches in 2, and creates 2 identical cells.

Front 45

Mitosis

Back 45

Asexual reproduction. has 5 stages before cell pinches in two forming 2 seperate, identical cells.
1- Prophase
2- Prometaphase
3- Metaphase
4- anaphase
5- telophase

Front 46

Sexual reproduction

Back 46

2 cells contribute genetic material to the daughter cells, resulting in greater variation.

Front 47

Meiosis

Back 47

Sexual reproduction.
1- prophase I
2- metaphase I
3- anaphase I
4- telophase I
5- cytokinesis

Front 48

Alleles

Back 48

at least 2 alternatives to every gene.

Front 49

Homozygous

Back 49

same.

Front 50

heterozygous

Back 50

different

Front 51

Genetic expression

Back 51

Methods: Punnet square, multiple alleles, pleiotropy, epistasis, and polygenic inheritance

Front 52

DNA

Back 52

double helix contains 4 nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

Front 53

Adenine

Back 53

= thymine (or uracil in mRNA)

Front 54

guanine

Back 54

= cytosine

Front 55

transcription

Back 55

process which an RNA strand, complementary to original DNA strand is produced