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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Median plane
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cutting toward middle of body
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Lateral
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cutting toward outside of body
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Transverse
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seperates upper body from lower
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frontal plane
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seperates front half of body from posterior
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Sagittal plane
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seperates left and right side of body
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superior
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above
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inferior
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below
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anterior
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facing forward
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posterior
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toward back
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lateral
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away from middle
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proximal
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closer to point of attachment
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distal
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further from point of attachment
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Dorsal cavity
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crainal and spinal cavity
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Ventral cavity
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orbits, nasal, oral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic
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Histology
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study of tissues
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Tissues
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group of cells acting together to perform specific functions
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Epithelial tissues
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cells cover, line, and protect the body and internal organs
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Connective tissues
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Framework of body, provides structure and support for organs
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Nerve tissues
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Composed of neurons and connective tissue cells (neuroglia)
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Muscle tissues
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Can contract or shorten. Skeletal (voluntary) or Smooth and cardiac (involuntary).
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DNA and ribosomes
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important in synthesis of protein
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Proteins
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include enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions
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mitosis
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DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly to 2 daughter cells
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meiosis
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takes place in ovaries and testes (gonads). Chromosome number is reduced from 46 to 23
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Membranes
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Mucous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous. Made of mostly epithelial tissue
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Glands
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sudoriferous, sebaceous, and ceruminous
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Cartilage
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Replaced by bone in embryonic development. Found in joints, thorax, and rigid tubes
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Epidermis
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Outer protective layer of dead keratinized epithelial cells. Inner to outer: Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, and stratum germinativum (mitosis occurs)
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Melanin
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cells have this to protect from sun radiation
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Dermis
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Under layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings and skin structures
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Eccrine glands
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regulate temperature by secreting sweat from skin surface. Glands in armpit and groin area secrete cell debris to attack bacteria which causes body odor.
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Sebaceous glands
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release sebum (oil) through hair follicles to prevent drying. Oil is produced by holocrine secretion
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Keratin
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strong protein makes up hair and nails
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Skeletal system
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bone, cartilage, ligaments, and joint. Functions to support, move, hemopoiesis (forms blood cells), protects organs, detoxification, muscle attachment, mineral storage (mostly calcium and phosphorus)
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Long bones
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Has irregular epiphysis at ends, mostly spongy and a shaft (diaphysis) mostly compact.
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Osteoblasts
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forms compact bone
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Axial skeleton
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28 bones of skull and 33 bones of vetebral column (ribs and spine)
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Appendicular skeleton
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girdles and limbs (os coxae)
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Contraction
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sliding of actin and myosin filaments within muscle cell or fiber. Needs calcium and ATP to contract
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Myofibrils
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In muscle cells. Made of smaller units = sacromeres
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skeletal
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muscles that are voluntary
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flexors
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reduce angle at joint
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extensors
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increase angle at joint
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abductor
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draw limb away from midline
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adductors
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return limb to body
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Nervous system
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consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Works with endocrine system (ex. digestion, reproduction)
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neurons
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has cell body, axon, and dendrites
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dendrites
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part of neuron that transmits impulse toward cell body
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axons
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part of neuron that transmits impulse away from cell body
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Central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous system
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Nerves and branches that transmit info to and from CNS. Has afferent and efferent neurons
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Afferent neurons
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Sensory part of Peripheral Nervous system. Transmits impulses toward Central Nervous system
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Efferent neurons
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Motor part of peripheral nervous system. Transmits impulses away from central nervous system
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Cerebrum
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part of brain that controls movement and sensory input
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Cerebellum
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part of brain that controls muscle coordination
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Medulla oblongata
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part of brain that controls respiration and heart rate
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Endocrine system
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assists nervous system in homeostasis and important in growth and sexual maturation. Includes hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads.
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Hypothalamus
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Governs pituitary gland and in turn controlled by hormones
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Steroid hormones
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Enter target cells and directly effect DNA. (Alters rate of protein synthesis)
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Protein hormones
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remains on cell surfaces and acts through a second messenger (AMP). (Alters rate of protein synthesis)
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Pituitary gland
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Attached to hypothalamus by infundibulum. Part of endocrine system
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Anterior lobe of pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
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Has tropic hormones that act on other endocrine glands.
Hormones include: STH, GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH |
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Somatropin
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STH. Anterior lobe of pituitary gland hormone.
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Growth hormone
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GH. Anterior lobe of pituitary gland hormone.
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Adrenocorticotropic
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ACTH. Anterior lobe of pituitary gland hormone.
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Thyroid stimulating hormone
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TSH. Anterior lobe of pituitary gland hormone.
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Follicle stimulating hormone
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FSH. Anterior lobe of pituitary gland hormone.
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Luteinizing hormone
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LH. Anterior lobe of pituitary gland hormone.
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Posterior lobe of pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
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Releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
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Oxytocin
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Labor hormone released from posterior lobe of pituitary gland
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Antidiuretic hormone
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ADH. Posterior lobe of pituitary gland hormone
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Blood
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Made of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements
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Formed elements
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Includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Produced from stem cells in red bone marrow
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Erythrocytes
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RBC's. Modified to transport oxygen binded to hemoglobin
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Leukocytes
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WBC's. Includes basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes
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Lymphocyte
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WBC that functions in antibody formation
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Neutrophil and monocytes
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2 types of WBC that functions in phagocytosis
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Platelets
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functions in blood clotting
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Plasma
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10% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products, and hormones suspended or dissolved in water
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Heart
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sends blood to lungs for oxygenation through pulmonary circuit and remainder of body for systemic circuit
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Tricuspid
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Valve between right atrium and right ventricle
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Bicuspid
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Valve between left atrium and left ventricle
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Aortic semilunar valve
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left valve in entrance to aorta
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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right valve in entrance to pulmotnary trunk
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Coronary arteries
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supply blood to myocardium, drains from myocardium into right atrium through coronary sinus
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Sinoatrial node
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initiates heart intrinsic beat
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systole
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contraction phase of heart beat
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diastole
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relaxation phase of heart beat
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arterioles
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smallest artery
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Respiratory system
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nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli, diaphragm, and intercostal muscles
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external respiration
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exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood through alveoli
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internal respiration
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exchange of gases between blood and cells
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alimentary canal
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mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
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accessory organs
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liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
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mastication
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chewing
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saliva
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contains amylase that starts digestion of complex carbs
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Digestive tract layers
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Mucous membrane (inner), submucous, muscular, serous (outer) layer
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gastric glands
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secrete HCl acid to break down food
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stomach
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churns bolus of food into chyme
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small intestine
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most digestion and absorption occurs here. includes duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
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small intestine, pancreas, and bile from liver
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food is acted on by enzymes of...
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fats
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from the small intestine are absorbed into lymph
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amino acids and simple sugars
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from the small intestine are absorbed directly into blood
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nutrients
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from the small intestine enter hepatic portal vein for decontamination
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villi
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small fingerlike projections increase surface area
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large intestine
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reabsorbs water, stores and eliminates undigested food. Includes ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
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urinary system
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includes 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, and urethra
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Kidneys
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filter blood. Functional units are nephrons.
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nephrons
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filter waste brought by renal artery.
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Glomerulus
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Actual filtration process occurs here. Part of Bowmans capsule of the nephrons
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urine
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final product of filtration process
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ureters
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transports urine to bladder
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urinary bladder
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stores urine before being expelled through urethra
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meiosis
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produce gametes (sex cells) formed by..
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reproductive system
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under control of tropic hormones from pituitary gland
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spermatozoa
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develop in seminiferous tubules of each testis
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intersitial cells
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between seminiferous tubules produce testosterone
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epididymis
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stores sperm
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ejaculation pathway
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vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
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anterior pituitary
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hormones control testicular activity. FSH and LH
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FSH
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stimulates sperm production. ripens eggs in ovarian follicles.
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LH
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stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone. Released 14th day of cycle from pituitary to stimulate ovulation and conversion of follicle to corpus luteum
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follicle
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produces estrogen to prepare endometrium of uterus for pregnancy
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corpus luteum
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secretes progesterone to further stimulate development of endometrium
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Fertilization occurs
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corpus luteum stays functional. Egg is in oviduct. Zygote (egg) travels to uterus and implants itself in endometrium, In uterus the developing embryo is nourished by placenta (formed by maternal and embryonic tissues). Hormones from placenta maintain endometrium and prepare breast for milk production
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Fertilization doesnt occur
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corpus luteum degenerates and menstruation begins
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Olfactory nerve
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smell. (sensory)
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Optic nerve
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vision (sensory)
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Oculomotor nerve
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eyelid and eyeball movement. constricts pupil. (motor)
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Trochlear nerve
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moves eye down and laterally (motor)
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Trigeminal nerve
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sensation in face, scalp, and teeth. Contracts chewing muscle (both motor and sensory)
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Abducens nerve
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moves eye (motor)
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Facial nerve
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contracts face muscles; secretes saliva. (sensory and motor))
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Acoustic nerve
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hearing and equilibrium (sensory)
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glossopharyngeal nerve
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taste, BP sensor, swallowing. (motor and sensory)
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vagus nerve
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cardiac respiratory sensor and BP. Slows HR. (sensory and motor)
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Spinal nerve
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moves neck and shoulder (motor)
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hypoglossal
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moves tongue (motor)
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Autonomic Nervous system
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Includes sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS
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Sympathetic Nervous system
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increases heart rate and force of contraction
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parasympathetic nervous system
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decrease heart rate and force of contraction
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P wave
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beginning of heart contraction spread of electric activity over atria
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QRS complex
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spread of electric activity over ventricles beginning contraction
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T wave
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recovery phase of ventricles
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