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437 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Superior
above
inferior
below
anterior
front facing
posterior
toward the back
medial
toward the midline
lateral
away from midline/ toward the side
proximal
referencing limbs- closer to point of attachment
distal
referencing limbs- further from point of attachment
Includes cranial and spinal cavities
Dorsal cavity
includes orbits, nasal, oral, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Ventral Cavity
A cut along the median plane
saggital section
A cut along the coronal plane
frontal section
A cut through the transverse plane
cross-section
Transverse plane divides
upper and lower portion of the body
The study of tissue
Histology
A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function
tissue
Four fundamental tissues include
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nerve
covers and proctects the body and its internal organs
Epithelial tissue
provides framework for body, providing structure and support for organs
Connective tissue
Composed of neurons and connective tissue cells called neuroglia
Nerve tissue
Has the ability to contract or shorten; and can be voluntary or involuntary
Muscle tissue
Skeletal muscles are considered
voluntary
Cardiac and smooth muscle tissue are considered
involuntary
The basic unit of life
Cell
Within each cell this has a specific function
organelle
DNA is contained in
the Nucleus
Ribosomes are important in
protein synthesis
Includes the enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions within the body
Proteins
Necessary for growth and repair; DNA is distributed evenly between two daughter cells
Mitosis
Special cell division taking place in gonads
Meoisis
Chromosome # is reduced from 46 to 23 so when egg and sperm unite in fertilization the zygote will have correct # or chromosomes
meosis
Four principal membranes composed mainly of epithelial tissue
mucous, synovial, serous and cutaneous
three glands composed of epithelial tissue include
sudifoerous, sebaceous, ceruminous glands
Catrilage is replaced by _____during embryonic development
bone
Cartilage is dound mainly in three places
joints, throax, and various rigid tubes
Largest organ of the body
skin
Two layers of Skin
dermis and epidermis
Outermost protective layer of dead keratinzed epithelial cells
Epidermis
The underlying layer of connective tissue w/ blood vessels nerve endings and assoc. skin structure
Dermis
Skin layer that rests on the subcutaneous tissue connecting the skin to superficial muscles
Dermis
Four Layers of Epidermis from outer to inner
1.) Stratum corneum
2.) Stratum lucidium
3.) Stratum granulosum
4.) innermost stratum germinativum
Layer of epidermis where mitosis occurs
Innermost stratum germinativum
Epidermal cells contain a protein pigment called ___protecting against radiation
melanin
Composed of fibrous CT with BV, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles and glands
Dermis
Two types of sweat glands
Eccrine and appocrine
sweat gland regulating body temp
Eccrine
secretes a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin
Eccrine
sweat gland found mainly in the groin and armpit
Appocrine
secretions contain bits of cytoplasm from secreting cells - attracting bacteria causing odor
Appocrine
This gland releases oily secretion _____ through gair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying
sebaceous; sebum
Oil is produced by
Holocrine secretion
tend to become clogged and attract bacteria, usually during adolescence
sebaceous glands
Appendages of the skin include hair and skin which both are composed of a strong protein called
Keratin
Hair, nails and skin may show clinical signs of disease such as
cancer
Functions of the skeletal system include:
Support, permission of movement, hemopoiesis, protection of internal organs, detoxification, mineral storage, and provisions for muscle attachment
Minerals stored in bone are
Calcium and Phosporus
Five types of bones classified by shape
long, short, flat, irregular, sesmoid
Bone that has irregular ephysis at each end and a shaft
long bone
Patella is an example of a
sesmoid bone
epiphysis is composed of
spongy cancellous bone
Cells that form compact bone are called
osteoblasts
osteoblasts that become fixed in dense bone matrix and no longer divide are called
osteocytes
osteoblasts maintain bone tissue as
osteocytes
Axial Skeleton > bones of the skull
28) 14 facial and 14 cranial
33) veterbral column
Cranial Bones "PEST OF 14"
Parietal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Frontal
Facial bones-"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh!"
Vomer
Conchae
Nasal
Maxilla
Mandible
Palatine
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Axial skeleton> Vetebral column
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 saccral, 1 coxxygeal vertebrea (tail bone)
Axial Skeleton> thoracic
Thorax, sternum, 12 pairs of ribs
Appendicular skeletal system includes
girdles and limbs
Appendicular upper portion
pectoral / shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula, and upper extremity.
Bones of the arms:
Humurus, Radius, Ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Lower portion of appendicular skeleton is made up of
pelvic girdle and os coxea
each ___consists of fused ilium, ishium and pubis
os coxea
Bones of lower extremity / leg include
femur, tibia, fibula, tarsala, metatarsals, and phalanges
System that produces movement by contracting in response to nervous stimulation
muscle
muscle contraction results from
actin and mysoin filaments sliding together within the muscle cell or fiber
Each muscle consists of
Myofibrils
Myofibrils are made up of smaller units called
sarcomeres
What is needed in order for a muscle to contract?
ATP and Calcium
motor neurons stimulate the release of ____from sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca
Explain muscle contraction
Ca ions attach to inhibitory proteins on actin filaments, moving them aside so cross-bridging can form
cross-briding forms between
actin and myosin filaments using energy supplied by ATp
Skeletal muscles are
voluntary
Muscles that execute a given movement
prime mover
muscles producing the opposite movement
antagonist
muscles that work in cooperation with prime mover
synergists
muscles are classfied by
movement they elicit
Muscle that reduces the angle at the joint
flexor
Muscle that increase the angle
extensors
Muscle draws limb away from the midline
abductors
System consisting of the brain, spinal cord and nerves
Nervous system
a vital system that enables us to perceive many changes taking place in external environment
Nervous system
five examples of perception
hearing, seeing, tasting, touching smelling
It enable us to think, reason, remember and carryout abstract activities
Nervous system
Makes possible body movements by skeletal muscles and supplies them nerve impulses that cause contraction
nervous system
Works closely with the endocrine glands correlating and intergrating body functions such as digestion and reproduction
nervous system
functional unit of nervous system
nerve cells or neurons
Main parts of the neuron
Body, axon, dendrites
Dendrites
transmit nerve impulses toward cell body
Axons
transmit nerve impulses away from cell body
Nervous system can be divided structually in 2 parts
CNS and PNS
PNS consists of
all the nerves and transmits info to and from the CNS
Sensory afferent neurons transmit nerve impulses
toward the CNS
Motor efferent neurons transmit nerve impulses
away from the CNS toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands and digestive system
Three major parts of the brain
Medulla Oblongota, Cerebellum, and Cerebrum
Medulla Oblongota controls
Vital functions
Cerebellum controls
muscle coordination
Cerebrum controls
movement and sensory input
Spinal cord is how long?
18 inches
Extends from the base of the skull to L1 and L2
spinal cord
Opening at the base of the skull
Foramen magnum
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
reflexes that travel through the spinal cord only and don't reach the brain
simple
Sensory impulses enter the
dorsal horns of the spinal cord
motor impulses leave through the
ventral horn of the spinal cord
most reflexive pathways traveling to and from the brain in ______ and _____ tracts of the spinal cord
ascending and descending
System that assists the nervous system in homeostasis
Endocrine
System that plays an important role in growth and sexual maturation
Endocrine
Endocrine and Nervous system meet where?
At the Hypothalamus and Pituatary gland
Hypothalmus governs ____ and is in turn controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood
pituatary gland
Both Nervous and Endocrine coordinate and control the body but only one has more long-lasting widespread affects
Endocrine
The chemical messengers that control growth, differentation, and metabolism of specfic target cells
hormones
Name the two major groups of hormones
Steroid and Protein hormones
this hormone enters the target cell and has direct effect on DNA
Steroid hormone
hormone that remains at the cell surface and acts through a second messenger usually AMP
Protein hormone
What affects cell activity by altering that rate of protein synthesis
hormones
Endocrine glands though widely distributed
are grouped together as a system because their main function is produce hormones
Name the nine Endocrine glands
Hypothalamus, pituatary gland, pinneal, ovaries, testes, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreas
three Accessory organs of the endocrine system
stomach, small intestine and kidneys
Also known as the Master Gland
Pituatary gland
Pituatary gland is attached to the Hypothalamus via a stalk called
Infindibulum
Pituatary gland has two major portions
Anterior lobe and posterior lobe
Anterior lobe is also known as
adenohypoesis
Posterior lobe is also known as
neurohypoesis
Hormones of the Anterior lobe (adenohypoesis) are called
Tropic Hormones
Tropic hormones are called tropic because they act on
other endocrine glands
Six Tropic hormones include:
STH
GH
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
Name the Two hormones that are release via the poterior lobe ( neurohypoesis)
Oxytocin
ADH- Antiduretic
Oxytocin
released by posterior lobe induces labor
During times of stress hormones are released from
Adrenal cortex, hypothalamus, anterior and posterior lobe
The ___hormone released from the adrenal cortex that reduces inflammation, raises blood sugar level and inhibits the release of histamine
cortisol
needed early in life helps develop the lymphatic system via humoral factors
Thymus
gland that produces melatonin
Pineal Gland
gland that produces testosterone
Testes
hormone believed to help with sleep paterns
Melatonin
Influences of testosterone
influences male puberty, voice change, growth of pubic and facial hair, height, sperm production and muscle mass and bone mass
Ovaries produce what hormones:
Progesterone and estrogen
Progesterone and estrogen along with _________ control the menstrual cycle
LH and FSH
loss or lack of estrogen causes
menopause, osteoporosis, POS
Gland located inside the neck in front of trachea
Thyroid
Thyroid produces two hormones:
T3 and T4 that control metabolism
Metabolism
the ability of the body to break down food for nutrients
Hypothyroidism
caused by too little thyroid hormone results in dry skin, decrease heart rate, low energy, constipation, cold feet all the time
Hyperthyroidism
too much thyroid hormone results in grave disease, anxiety, rapid heart rate, diarreha and rapid weight loss
Adrenal gland consists of two organs called
outer portion --> adrenal cortex
inner portion--> adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex produces hormone called
Cortisol and aldesterone
Adrenal medulla produces hormone called
epinepherine
Hormone cortisol elicits
that help the body control blood sugar, increase the burning of protein and fat, and respond to stressors like fever, major illness, and injury.
Hormone aldesterone elicits
control blood volume and help to regulate blood pressure by acting on the kidneys to help them hold onto enough sodium and water
Hormone epinepherine (adrenaline) elicits
which is secreted by nerve endings and increases the heart rate, opens airways to improve oxygen intake, and increases blood flow to muscles, usually when a person is scared, excited, or under stress.
Norepinephrine hormone functions to
maintain normal activities as opposed to emergency reactions. Too much norepinephrine can cause high blood pressure.
Located behind the thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
parathyroid gland produce hormones called
PTH or parathyroid hormone
PTH hormone
influence proper bone development by influencing Ca and phosphorus
Too much PTH can cause
bone pain, kidney stones, increased urination, muscle weakness, and fatigue.
Too little PTH can cause
takes calcium from bones so that it will be available in the blood for nerve conduction and muscle contraction
large gland behind your stomach that helps the body to maintain healthy blood sugar (glucose) levels
pancreas
Pancreas secretes two hormones:
Insulin and glycogen
The hormone insulin
helps move glucose from the blood into cells where it can be used for energy
The hormone glycogen
tells the liver to release glucose, stored in the liver as glycogen, into the bloodstream
Diabetes an imbalance in blood sugar levels occurs two ways
Type 1 is when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin.
Type II diabetes occurs when the body is resistant to the insulin in the blood). Without enough insulin to keep glucose moving through the metabolic process, the blood glucose level rises too high.
Whole blood consists of
55% plasma, 45% formed elements
Formed elements are
RBCs, WBCs, Platelets
Erythrocytes
RBCs, are modified to transport O2
Formed elements are produced?
from stem cells in red bone marrow
Erythrocytes
transport O2
O2 is bound to what in erythrocytes
Hemoglobin protein
never
let
monkeys
eat
bananas
five types of leukocytes
Leukocytes are catagorized by
size, appearance of nucleus, staining and presence / absence of granules
Leukocytes are active in phagocytosis and antibody formation
monocytes and neutrophils; lymphcytes
Platelets are active in the process of
blood clotting
transport O2 and nutrients to body cells and to carry away Co2 and metabolic wastes
blood serves
Double pump that sends blood to lungs and to rest of body
Heart
Pulmonary circut
blood from heart to lungs for O2 and release of Co2
Systemic circut
blood from heart to rest of body
contains 10% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products, and hormones dissolved/ suspended in H20
plasma
Blood is received by the ____ and pumped into circulation by the ________
Atria ;
ventricles
Tricuspid valve
located between the right atria and right ventricle
Bicuspid valve
located between the left atria and left ventricle
Semilunar valves
located at the entrance of pulmonary trunk and aorta
Cardiac muscle is called
Myocardium
blood is supplied to the myocardium by
coronary arteries
blood drains from the myocardium directly into
right atrium through coronary sinus
Intrinisic heart beat is initiated by _____ and travels via a __________
SA node
conduction system w/in myocardium
ECG is (electrocardiogram) measures
the measurement of electrical activty within the heart
the period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction
cardiac cycle
Contraction phase of cardiac cycle is
systole
relaxation phase of cardiac cycle
diastole
Vascular system includes
Arteries, veins and capallaries
Arteries
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Veins
carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
capillaries
where exchange between blood and cells of the body
Systemic arteries start with
Aorta which sends it to all branches of the body
As arteries get farther and farther from the heart they become
thinner
Arterioles
smallest arteries
the largest veins that empty into the right side of the heart are
inferior and superior venae cavea
Walls of arteries are
thick and elastic with high BP
vasoconstriction
contraction of smooth muscle in arterial walls
relaxation of smooth muscle in arterial wall
Vasodilation
change in smooth muscle of arterial walls influence
BP and blood distribution to tissue
Walls of veins
thinner and less elastic
Three mechanisms that help draw venous blood back to the heart
pressure of skeletal muscle
valves in legs keep blood moving in a forward direction
expansion of chest in breathing
Review major arteries and veins in the body
review
Abdominopelvic
cavity of abdomen and pelvis
movement of nutrients from the digestive tract to the bloodstream
Absorption
building blocks of protein
Amino acid
special proteins that protect the body from foreign subtances
Antibody
adenosine triphosphate, used as energy of the cell
ATP
Upper chambers of the heart
Atria
product of the liver that emulsifies fat
Bile
Tissue made up of cells and fibers that connect and support
Cartilage
Protein making up the I-band of the sarcomere
Actin
Gland of ear that produces wax
Ceruminous gland
Fertilized egg from the time it is fertilized until its implanted in the uterus
Zygote
Lower chambers of the heart
Ventricles
Anterior columns of grey matter of the spinal cord
Ventral horns
A widening of the diameter of a BV
vasodilation
A constricting of the diamter of a BV
vasoconstriction
imaginary line dividing the body parts from top to bottom
Transverse plane
The chest cavity
Thoracic cavity
The general blood circulation of the body not including the lungs
Systemic circulation
loose CT that lines the joint cavity
Synovial membrane
sweat glands
Sudoriferous membrane
oil glands of the skin
sebaceous glands
layer of tissue under the dermis that contains adipose tissue
subcutaneous tissue
the backbone that protects the spinal cor, which runs inside it
spinal cord
thin sheets of tissue lining the body cavities with no exit to outside of body
serous membrane
Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores CA
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
imaginary line running front to back dividing body left and right
Saggital
Organelle of cell --> protein synthesis takes place
Ribosome
blood flow through network of vessels between the heart and lungs for oxygenation of blood and removal of Co2
Pulonary circulation
The liquid portion of blood
Plasma
engulfing of materials by certian cells of the body
Phagocytosis
measurement associated with acids and bases
Ph
A structurally discrete component of a cell that performs a specfic function
Organelle
Cavities containing the eyes
Orbits
The mouth; buccal cavity
Oral cavity
The control center of the cell
Nucleus
protein that makes up half of the proteins in muscle cells
Myosin
Thin sheets of tissue cells that line the bodys openings or canals that open to the outside of the body
Mucous membrane
The sum total of uses of ATP in the body
Metabolism
Space within the thoracic cavity housing all organs of the chest except lungs
Mediasteinum
imaginary line dividing body or body parts into left and right portions
Median plane
Tissue connecting bone to bone
Ligament
Found within villi of intestinal wall where fat and nutrients are absorbed
Lacteal vessel
The dead cells of the epidermis
Keratinized epithelium
Toough fibrous insoluble protein forming primary component of skin, hair, nails, and tooth enamel
Keratin
Articulations between adjoining bones
Joints
To eat food and drink
Digest
Portion of brain that regulates body temp, sleeping, and appetite
Hypothalamus
The physiologic steady state that is naturally maintained within the body
Homeostasis
Simple sugar found in certian foods especially fruits
Glucose
The blood cells
Formed elements
The passage in the skull bone where the spinal cord enters the spinal column
Foramen magnum
functional proteins; names usually ending in ASE
Enzymes
Inner lining of the uterus
Endometrium
prenatal development time between zygote and fetus
Embryo
records electrical activity of the heart
ECG (Electrocardiogram)
Crescent shaped projection of grey matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter spinal cord
Dorsal horn
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
Digestion
Movement of materials from a high concentration to a low concentration
Diffusion
Dome-shaped breathing muscle that separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities
Diaphragm
Body cavity containing the brain
Cranial Cavity
imaginary line passing through the body from head to toe dividing the body from front and back
Coronal plane
small hairlike projections on some cells
cilia
bodies within the nucleus made of DNA and protiens called histones
Chromosomes
present on both sides
Bilateral
offsetting or making up for something
compensatory
rounded inward
concave
A reason why something isn't advisible or why it shouldn't be done
contraindiction
The distance across the center of an object
Diameter
To enlarge or expand
Dilate
Enlarged or expanded from pressure
Distended
Endogenous
produced within the body
to make worse or severe
Exacerbate
produced outside the body
exogenous
contact
exposure
limp, lacking tone
flaccid
wide open
gaping
diminished or lacking some unusual quality or level
impared
to begin or put in place
Initiate
So gradual so as not to become apparant for a long time
Insidious
Changing rapidly and often
Labile
Present but not visibly active
Latent
An indication or sign of condition
Manifiestation
substance or ingredient that provides nourishment
nutrient
closed or obstructed
occluded
given through or affecting the mouth
oral cavity
obvious, easily observed
overt
a characteristic or constant factor
parameter
beginning suddenly or abruptly
paroxysmal
Open
patent
producing a strong effect
potent
rapid, uncontrolled
preciptous
to make more susceptible or more likely to occur
predispose
anticipated or expected course or outcome
prognosis
underlying reason
rationale
To take in addition to or to complete
supplement
being equal or the same in size, shape and relative position
Symmetric
essential
vital
excrete or expel urine
void
amount of space occupied by a fluid
volume
3 steps of scientific method
hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
____subtance that makes all life possible
H20
two hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom
H20
Most significant aspect of H20 is the ____________
polarity of its bonds
Digestive system is also known as
Alimentary canal / digestive tube
Alimentary canal is made up of what 8 main structures?
Mouth
Pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intesting
rectum
anus
Accessory organs of the alimentary canal include
liver
pancreas
gallbladder
Food is broken down in the mouth mechanically by
teeth and mouth via mastication
_____ is produced by three salivary glands to
chemically breakdown food by lubricating and diluting the food
Saliva contains an enzyme ___ that starts the digestion of complex carbohydrates
amylase
A ball of food is called
bolus
_______ muscles of the pharynx force the food into the upper portion of the esophagus where it can be swallowed
constrictive
A narrow tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
Digestive tract has four main layers from inner to outer:
musous membrane
submucous layer
muscular layer
serous layer
once food enters the stomach gastric glands secrete _______ to break down food
Hydrochloric acid
Stomach muscles churn and mix the bolus turning it into a soupy mass of
chyme
stores and regulates movement of food into the small intestine
stomach
almost all digestion and absorption of food occurs here
small intestine
three major regions of small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, and illium
during digestion the pancreas contributes
various enzymes, water to dilute the chyme and bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid
when food is digested in small intestine liver secretes
bile
carbs, simple sugars and proteins are directly absorbed to the
blood stream
fat is absorbed into the lynph by
lacteals
All nutrients after absorption enter the _______ _______ vein to be routed to the liver for detoxification
hepatic portal vein
small fingerlike projections greatly increase the surface area of the intestinal wall
villi
reabsorbs water, stores and eliminates undigested food
large intestine
where there is an abdudant amount of intestinal flora
large intestine
Name the five portions of the large intestine
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
Name the opening for defecation
anus
breaks down and builds up many biological molecules, stores vitamins and iron, destroys old blood cells, destroys poison, bile aids in digestion
liver
transports food
esophagus
hormones regulate blod glucose levels, bircarbonate neutralizes stomach acid, Trypsin and chymotrypin digest proteins, amylase digests lipids
pancreas
Rectum
fifth location of large intestine stores and expels feces
swallows
pharynx
Upper respitory system include
nose
paranasal sinuses (frontal, sphenoid)
nasal cavitiy (concheas, meatus)
pharynx (throat)
Lower respiratory system include
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
bronchioles
lungs
responsible for oxygenating blood and removing Co2
Respiratory system
Trace the pathway of O2
nasal tract > pharynx > larynx > trachea > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles >respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveoli
refers to the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the aveoli
external respiration
refers to the exchange of gases between blood and the cells
internal respiration
The passageways between the nasal cavity and the alveoli ______ gases to and from the lungs
conduct
serves to warm, filter and moisten incoming air
upper respiratory passageway
lined with cilia to help trap debris and keep foregin substances from entering lungs
upper respiratory passageways
requires the contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs
Inhalation
a passive process during which the lungs recoil as respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size
Exhalation
can be converted to bicarbonate ion by carbonic anhydrase within RBC
Co2
a regulator of blood pH
Co2
Urinary system consists of
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
filter blood/ part of urinary system
kidneys
where urine is stored before urination through the Urethra
Urinary bladder
Functional unit of the kidney
nephrons
small coiled tubes filter waste material out of blood brought ot the kidney by the renal artery
nephron
Filtration process occurs through the ______ in the Bowman's capsule
Glomerulous
Filtration of blood occurs under
force of BP
water, glucose and ions needed by the body leave the nephron by _______ and reenter the blood
diffusion
H20 is reabsorbed at the ________ of the nephron
tubules
The final product produced by millions of nephrons is
Urine
Urethra
opening where urine is expelled and is also part of the male reproductive system
here is where the trachea separates into two pathways one going toward each lung
bronchi
bronchial tubes have divided and branched out so much that they become very small tubes called ________
bronchioles
tiny air sacs, thick one-celll air chambers are thin and moist to allow for maximum gas exchange
alveoli
human reproduction takes place
internally
located in scrotum also where sperm is producted
testes
stored in the epididymis
sperm
trace sperm
testes--> epidiymis--> vas deferens--> urethra
as sperm travels through vas deferens what glands secrete fluids to create semen
seminal and prostate
the process by semen exists the penis is called
ejaculation
the process of ovulation is the point where the egg is released from its
follicle
After ovulation the egg is moved through fallopean tube (oviduct) via
cilia
is developed within the seminiferous tubules of each testes
spermatazoa
Interstitual cells between the seminiferous tubules produce
testosterone
This male hormone influences sperm development
testosterone
Male and female sex organs
gonads / testes and ovaries
Male and female sex organs have two functions
production of gamates (sex cells) / production of hormones
the sex organs are under the control of ______ hormones from the pituatary glad
pituatary gland
Reproductive activity for women is cyclic but for men it is
continuous
gamates are formed by
meoisis
Each month under influence of ___ ovulation occurs stimulating the ovaries
FSH
Polarity of water allows for
cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat and verstile solvent
water can be used to dissolve a number of different things
versitle solvent
the polarity of waters bonds allow a molecule to resist rapid temperature change
high specific heat
cohesion
ability of water molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another like substance
adhesion
the ablilty of water to bond or attract to other molecules or substances
most important biological molecules
carbs, lipid, proteins, nucleic acids
long chains or polymers of sugars primary function is storage, energy and structure
carbohydrates
lipids better known as fats have 3 types
fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids
Fatty acids grouped into 2 catagories
saturated and unsaturated
fatty acid > no double bond> solid> associated with cardiovascular disease
saturated
fatty acid > one or more double bond> liquid at room temp
unsaturated
consists of 2 fatty acids bonded to phosphate group> important in the function of cellular membrane
phospholipids
This fattty acid> component cell membrane > functions as precursor to significant hormones
steroids
Most significant contributer > cellular function > polymers of 20 chains (amino acids) > largest of biological molecules
proteins
nearly all cellular function is catabolized by some type of enzyme
Protein
components of molecules of inheritance
DNA and RNA
contains genetic code necessary for replication
DNA
Is used in transfer and as a messenger of genetic code
RNA
the cellular process that results in the formation of sugar from CO2?
Calvin Cycle
The phalanx is a
bone
dermis is classifed as
organ
where are pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors located
Carotid body
Where are baroreceptors located
Aorta
eye movement and papillary reflexes originate in which part of the CNS
midbrain
venous refers to which body system
circulatory
what is the primary sympathetic neurohormone
norenepherine
1 molecule used as currency of cell (ATP) / NADH acts as a reducing agent= goal to provide energy to the cell
cellular respiration
conversion of glucose --> pyruvate (occurs in cytosol produces 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH)
Glycolosis
pyruvate transported to mitochondrian in series of reactions (in mictochondria = 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 6 CO2
Kerbs Cycle
oxidation of NADH creating --> O2 and produce H20 in series of steps = 28-32 ATP, 1 Glucose consumed
Electron Transport Chain
substance causes extreme dilation of arterioles and capallaries , stagnating blood flow w/in tissue leading to shock
histamine
pH of the stomach
0.9 - 1.5
bile is secreted into which organ?
small intestine
Funtion of aldersterone is to
conserve sodium in the body
what is the function of glucocorticosteroids that are secreted from the adrenal cortex
to regulate fight or flight
what component of blood helps maintain glomerular oncotic presure at a normal level of 33 Hg which keeps a large amount of H20 from escaping the capillary
protein
what is the weakest of all inermolecular forces
dispersion
how could H20 be boiled at room temp?
lower the pressure
a catalyst increases the rate of reaction by
lowering the activation energy
chemical reactions in living systems proceed along catabolic pathways and there tends to be an increase in
entropy
active transport of small particles through cell membrane
pinocytosis
Why is DNA important for metabolic activities of the cell
controls the synthesis of enzymes
what is the primary cause of H20 moving in and out of a cell
H20 molecule pressure gradient along the cell membrane
At which phase of Peosis does crossing over occur
Prophase 1
Within liver cells glycogen can be decomposed to yield glucose. what must be present
Glucagon and epinepherine
trancription begins with reading DNA located within the
nucleus
The site of translation within a cell is
Ribosome