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437 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Superior
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above
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inferior
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below
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anterior
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front facing
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posterior
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toward the back
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medial
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toward the midline
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lateral
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away from midline/ toward the side
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proximal
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referencing limbs- closer to point of attachment
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distal
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referencing limbs- further from point of attachment
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Includes cranial and spinal cavities
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Dorsal cavity
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includes orbits, nasal, oral, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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Ventral Cavity
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A cut along the median plane
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saggital section
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A cut along the coronal plane
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frontal section
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A cut through the transverse plane
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cross-section
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Transverse plane divides
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upper and lower portion of the body
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The study of tissue
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Histology
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A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function
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tissue
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Four fundamental tissues include
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Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nerve
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covers and proctects the body and its internal organs
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Epithelial tissue
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provides framework for body, providing structure and support for organs
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Connective tissue
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Composed of neurons and connective tissue cells called neuroglia
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Nerve tissue
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Has the ability to contract or shorten; and can be voluntary or involuntary
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Muscle tissue
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Skeletal muscles are considered
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voluntary
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Cardiac and smooth muscle tissue are considered
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involuntary
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The basic unit of life
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Cell
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Within each cell this has a specific function
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organelle
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DNA is contained in
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the Nucleus
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Ribosomes are important in
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protein synthesis
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Includes the enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions within the body
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Proteins
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Necessary for growth and repair; DNA is distributed evenly between two daughter cells
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Mitosis
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Special cell division taking place in gonads
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Meoisis
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Chromosome # is reduced from 46 to 23 so when egg and sperm unite in fertilization the zygote will have correct # or chromosomes
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meosis
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Four principal membranes composed mainly of epithelial tissue
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mucous, synovial, serous and cutaneous
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three glands composed of epithelial tissue include
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sudifoerous, sebaceous, ceruminous glands
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Catrilage is replaced by _____during embryonic development
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bone
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Cartilage is dound mainly in three places
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joints, throax, and various rigid tubes
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Largest organ of the body
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skin
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Two layers of Skin
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dermis and epidermis
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Outermost protective layer of dead keratinzed epithelial cells
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Epidermis
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The underlying layer of connective tissue w/ blood vessels nerve endings and assoc. skin structure
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Dermis
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Skin layer that rests on the subcutaneous tissue connecting the skin to superficial muscles
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Dermis
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Four Layers of Epidermis from outer to inner
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1.) Stratum corneum
2.) Stratum lucidium 3.) Stratum granulosum 4.) innermost stratum germinativum |
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Layer of epidermis where mitosis occurs
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Innermost stratum germinativum
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Epidermal cells contain a protein pigment called ___protecting against radiation
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melanin
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Composed of fibrous CT with BV, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles and glands
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Dermis
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Two types of sweat glands
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Eccrine and appocrine
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sweat gland regulating body temp
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Eccrine
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secretes a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin
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Eccrine
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sweat gland found mainly in the groin and armpit
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Appocrine
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secretions contain bits of cytoplasm from secreting cells - attracting bacteria causing odor
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Appocrine
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This gland releases oily secretion _____ through gair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying
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sebaceous; sebum
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Oil is produced by
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Holocrine secretion
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tend to become clogged and attract bacteria, usually during adolescence
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sebaceous glands
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Appendages of the skin include hair and skin which both are composed of a strong protein called
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Keratin
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Hair, nails and skin may show clinical signs of disease such as
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cancer
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Functions of the skeletal system include:
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Support, permission of movement, hemopoiesis, protection of internal organs, detoxification, mineral storage, and provisions for muscle attachment
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Minerals stored in bone are
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Calcium and Phosporus
|
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Five types of bones classified by shape
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long, short, flat, irregular, sesmoid
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Bone that has irregular ephysis at each end and a shaft
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long bone
|
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Patella is an example of a
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sesmoid bone
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epiphysis is composed of
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spongy cancellous bone
|
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Cells that form compact bone are called
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osteoblasts
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osteoblasts that become fixed in dense bone matrix and no longer divide are called
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osteocytes
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osteoblasts maintain bone tissue as
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osteocytes
|
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Axial Skeleton > bones of the skull
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28) 14 facial and 14 cranial
33) veterbral column |
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Cranial Bones "PEST OF 14"
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Parietal
Ethmoid Sphenoid Temporal Occipital Frontal |
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Facial bones-"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh!"
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Vomer
Conchae Nasal Maxilla Mandible Palatine Zygomatic Lacrimal |
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Axial skeleton> Vetebral column
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7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 saccral, 1 coxxygeal vertebrea (tail bone)
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Axial Skeleton> thoracic
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Thorax, sternum, 12 pairs of ribs
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Appendicular skeletal system includes
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girdles and limbs
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Appendicular upper portion
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pectoral / shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula, and upper extremity.
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Bones of the arms:
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Humurus, Radius, Ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
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Lower portion of appendicular skeleton is made up of
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pelvic girdle and os coxea
|
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each ___consists of fused ilium, ishium and pubis
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os coxea
|
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Bones of lower extremity / leg include
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femur, tibia, fibula, tarsala, metatarsals, and phalanges
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System that produces movement by contracting in response to nervous stimulation
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muscle
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muscle contraction results from
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actin and mysoin filaments sliding together within the muscle cell or fiber
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Each muscle consists of
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Myofibrils
|
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Myofibrils are made up of smaller units called
|
sarcomeres
|
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What is needed in order for a muscle to contract?
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ATP and Calcium
|
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motor neurons stimulate the release of ____from sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Ca
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Explain muscle contraction
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Ca ions attach to inhibitory proteins on actin filaments, moving them aside so cross-bridging can form
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cross-briding forms between
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actin and myosin filaments using energy supplied by ATp
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Skeletal muscles are
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voluntary
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Muscles that execute a given movement
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prime mover
|
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muscles producing the opposite movement
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antagonist
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muscles that work in cooperation with prime mover
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synergists
|
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muscles are classfied by
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movement they elicit
|
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Muscle that reduces the angle at the joint
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flexor
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Muscle that increase the angle
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extensors
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Muscle draws limb away from the midline
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abductors
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System consisting of the brain, spinal cord and nerves
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Nervous system
|
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a vital system that enables us to perceive many changes taking place in external environment
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Nervous system
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five examples of perception
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hearing, seeing, tasting, touching smelling
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It enable us to think, reason, remember and carryout abstract activities
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Nervous system
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Makes possible body movements by skeletal muscles and supplies them nerve impulses that cause contraction
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nervous system
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Works closely with the endocrine glands correlating and intergrating body functions such as digestion and reproduction
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nervous system
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functional unit of nervous system
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nerve cells or neurons
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Main parts of the neuron
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Body, axon, dendrites
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Dendrites
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transmit nerve impulses toward cell body
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Axons
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transmit nerve impulses away from cell body
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Nervous system can be divided structually in 2 parts
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CNS and PNS
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PNS consists of
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all the nerves and transmits info to and from the CNS
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Sensory afferent neurons transmit nerve impulses
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toward the CNS
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Motor efferent neurons transmit nerve impulses
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away from the CNS toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands and digestive system
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Three major parts of the brain
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Medulla Oblongota, Cerebellum, and Cerebrum
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Medulla Oblongota controls
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Vital functions
|
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Cerebellum controls
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muscle coordination
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Cerebrum controls
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movement and sensory input
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Spinal cord is how long?
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18 inches
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Extends from the base of the skull to L1 and L2
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spinal cord
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Opening at the base of the skull
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Foramen magnum
|
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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31
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reflexes that travel through the spinal cord only and don't reach the brain
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simple
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Sensory impulses enter the
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dorsal horns of the spinal cord
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motor impulses leave through the
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ventral horn of the spinal cord
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most reflexive pathways traveling to and from the brain in ______ and _____ tracts of the spinal cord
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ascending and descending
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System that assists the nervous system in homeostasis
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Endocrine
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System that plays an important role in growth and sexual maturation
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Endocrine
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Endocrine and Nervous system meet where?
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At the Hypothalamus and Pituatary gland
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Hypothalmus governs ____ and is in turn controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood
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pituatary gland
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Both Nervous and Endocrine coordinate and control the body but only one has more long-lasting widespread affects
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Endocrine
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The chemical messengers that control growth, differentation, and metabolism of specfic target cells
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hormones
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Name the two major groups of hormones
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Steroid and Protein hormones
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this hormone enters the target cell and has direct effect on DNA
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Steroid hormone
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hormone that remains at the cell surface and acts through a second messenger usually AMP
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Protein hormone
|
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What affects cell activity by altering that rate of protein synthesis
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hormones
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Endocrine glands though widely distributed
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are grouped together as a system because their main function is produce hormones
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Name the nine Endocrine glands
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Hypothalamus, pituatary gland, pinneal, ovaries, testes, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreas
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three Accessory organs of the endocrine system
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stomach, small intestine and kidneys
|
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Also known as the Master Gland
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Pituatary gland
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Pituatary gland is attached to the Hypothalamus via a stalk called
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Infindibulum
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Pituatary gland has two major portions
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Anterior lobe and posterior lobe
|
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Anterior lobe is also known as
|
adenohypoesis
|
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Posterior lobe is also known as
|
neurohypoesis
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Hormones of the Anterior lobe (adenohypoesis) are called
|
Tropic Hormones
|
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Tropic hormones are called tropic because they act on
|
other endocrine glands
|
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Six Tropic hormones include:
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STH
GH ACTH TSH FSH LH |
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Name the Two hormones that are release via the poterior lobe ( neurohypoesis)
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Oxytocin
ADH- Antiduretic |
|
Oxytocin
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released by posterior lobe induces labor
|
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During times of stress hormones are released from
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Adrenal cortex, hypothalamus, anterior and posterior lobe
|
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The ___hormone released from the adrenal cortex that reduces inflammation, raises blood sugar level and inhibits the release of histamine
|
cortisol
|
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needed early in life helps develop the lymphatic system via humoral factors
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Thymus
|
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gland that produces melatonin
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Pineal Gland
|
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gland that produces testosterone
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Testes
|
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hormone believed to help with sleep paterns
|
Melatonin
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Influences of testosterone
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influences male puberty, voice change, growth of pubic and facial hair, height, sperm production and muscle mass and bone mass
|
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Ovaries produce what hormones:
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Progesterone and estrogen
|
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Progesterone and estrogen along with _________ control the menstrual cycle
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LH and FSH
|
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loss or lack of estrogen causes
|
menopause, osteoporosis, POS
|
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Gland located inside the neck in front of trachea
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Thyroid
|
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Thyroid produces two hormones:
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T3 and T4 that control metabolism
|
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Metabolism
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the ability of the body to break down food for nutrients
|
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Hypothyroidism
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caused by too little thyroid hormone results in dry skin, decrease heart rate, low energy, constipation, cold feet all the time
|
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Hyperthyroidism
|
too much thyroid hormone results in grave disease, anxiety, rapid heart rate, diarreha and rapid weight loss
|
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Adrenal gland consists of two organs called
|
outer portion --> adrenal cortex
inner portion--> adrenal medulla |
|
Adrenal cortex produces hormone called
|
Cortisol and aldesterone
|
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Adrenal medulla produces hormone called
|
epinepherine
|
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Hormone cortisol elicits
|
that help the body control blood sugar, increase the burning of protein and fat, and respond to stressors like fever, major illness, and injury.
|
|
Hormone aldesterone elicits
|
control blood volume and help to regulate blood pressure by acting on the kidneys to help them hold onto enough sodium and water
|
|
Hormone epinepherine (adrenaline) elicits
|
which is secreted by nerve endings and increases the heart rate, opens airways to improve oxygen intake, and increases blood flow to muscles, usually when a person is scared, excited, or under stress.
|
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Norepinephrine hormone functions to
|
maintain normal activities as opposed to emergency reactions. Too much norepinephrine can cause high blood pressure.
|
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Located behind the thyroid gland
|
parathyroid glands
|
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parathyroid gland produce hormones called
|
PTH or parathyroid hormone
|
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PTH hormone
|
influence proper bone development by influencing Ca and phosphorus
|
|
Too much PTH can cause
|
bone pain, kidney stones, increased urination, muscle weakness, and fatigue.
|
|
Too little PTH can cause
|
takes calcium from bones so that it will be available in the blood for nerve conduction and muscle contraction
|
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large gland behind your stomach that helps the body to maintain healthy blood sugar (glucose) levels
|
pancreas
|
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Pancreas secretes two hormones:
|
Insulin and glycogen
|
|
The hormone insulin
|
helps move glucose from the blood into cells where it can be used for energy
|
|
The hormone glycogen
|
tells the liver to release glucose, stored in the liver as glycogen, into the bloodstream
|
|
Diabetes an imbalance in blood sugar levels occurs two ways
|
Type 1 is when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin.
Type II diabetes occurs when the body is resistant to the insulin in the blood). Without enough insulin to keep glucose moving through the metabolic process, the blood glucose level rises too high. |
|
Whole blood consists of
|
55% plasma, 45% formed elements
|
|
Formed elements are
|
RBCs, WBCs, Platelets
|
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Erythrocytes
|
RBCs, are modified to transport O2
|
|
Formed elements are produced?
|
from stem cells in red bone marrow
|
|
Erythrocytes
|
transport O2
|
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O2 is bound to what in erythrocytes
|
Hemoglobin protein
|
|
never
let monkeys eat bananas |
five types of leukocytes
|
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Leukocytes are catagorized by
|
size, appearance of nucleus, staining and presence / absence of granules
|
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Leukocytes are active in phagocytosis and antibody formation
|
monocytes and neutrophils; lymphcytes
|
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Platelets are active in the process of
|
blood clotting
|
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transport O2 and nutrients to body cells and to carry away Co2 and metabolic wastes
|
blood serves
|
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Double pump that sends blood to lungs and to rest of body
|
Heart
|
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Pulmonary circut
|
blood from heart to lungs for O2 and release of Co2
|
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Systemic circut
|
blood from heart to rest of body
|
|
contains 10% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products, and hormones dissolved/ suspended in H20
|
plasma
|
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Blood is received by the ____ and pumped into circulation by the ________
|
Atria ;
ventricles |
|
Tricuspid valve
|
located between the right atria and right ventricle
|
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Bicuspid valve
|
located between the left atria and left ventricle
|
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Semilunar valves
|
located at the entrance of pulmonary trunk and aorta
|
|
Cardiac muscle is called
|
Myocardium
|
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blood is supplied to the myocardium by
|
coronary arteries
|
|
blood drains from the myocardium directly into
|
right atrium through coronary sinus
|
|
Intrinisic heart beat is initiated by _____ and travels via a __________
|
SA node
conduction system w/in myocardium |
|
ECG is (electrocardiogram) measures
|
the measurement of electrical activty within the heart
|
|
the period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction
|
cardiac cycle
|
|
Contraction phase of cardiac cycle is
|
systole
|
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relaxation phase of cardiac cycle
|
diastole
|
|
Vascular system includes
|
Arteries, veins and capallaries
|
|
Arteries
|
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
|
|
Veins
|
carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
|
|
capillaries
|
where exchange between blood and cells of the body
|
|
Systemic arteries start with
|
Aorta which sends it to all branches of the body
|
|
As arteries get farther and farther from the heart they become
|
thinner
|
|
Arterioles
|
smallest arteries
|
|
the largest veins that empty into the right side of the heart are
|
inferior and superior venae cavea
|
|
Walls of arteries are
|
thick and elastic with high BP
|
|
vasoconstriction
|
contraction of smooth muscle in arterial walls
|
|
relaxation of smooth muscle in arterial wall
|
Vasodilation
|
|
change in smooth muscle of arterial walls influence
|
BP and blood distribution to tissue
|
|
Walls of veins
|
thinner and less elastic
|
|
Three mechanisms that help draw venous blood back to the heart
|
pressure of skeletal muscle
valves in legs keep blood moving in a forward direction expansion of chest in breathing |
|
Review major arteries and veins in the body
|
review
|
|
Abdominopelvic
|
cavity of abdomen and pelvis
|
|
movement of nutrients from the digestive tract to the bloodstream
|
Absorption
|
|
building blocks of protein
|
Amino acid
|
|
special proteins that protect the body from foreign subtances
|
Antibody
|
|
adenosine triphosphate, used as energy of the cell
|
ATP
|
|
Upper chambers of the heart
|
Atria
|
|
product of the liver that emulsifies fat
|
Bile
|
|
Tissue made up of cells and fibers that connect and support
|
Cartilage
|
|
Protein making up the I-band of the sarcomere
|
Actin
|
|
Gland of ear that produces wax
|
Ceruminous gland
|
|
Fertilized egg from the time it is fertilized until its implanted in the uterus
|
Zygote
|
|
Lower chambers of the heart
|
Ventricles
|
|
Anterior columns of grey matter of the spinal cord
|
Ventral horns
|
|
A widening of the diameter of a BV
|
vasodilation
|
|
A constricting of the diamter of a BV
|
vasoconstriction
|
|
imaginary line dividing the body parts from top to bottom
|
Transverse plane
|
|
The chest cavity
|
Thoracic cavity
|
|
The general blood circulation of the body not including the lungs
|
Systemic circulation
|
|
loose CT that lines the joint cavity
|
Synovial membrane
|
|
sweat glands
|
Sudoriferous membrane
|
|
oil glands of the skin
|
sebaceous glands
|
|
layer of tissue under the dermis that contains adipose tissue
|
subcutaneous tissue
|
|
the backbone that protects the spinal cor, which runs inside it
|
spinal cord
|
|
thin sheets of tissue lining the body cavities with no exit to outside of body
|
serous membrane
|
|
Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores CA
|
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
imaginary line running front to back dividing body left and right
|
Saggital
|
|
Organelle of cell --> protein synthesis takes place
|
Ribosome
|
|
blood flow through network of vessels between the heart and lungs for oxygenation of blood and removal of Co2
|
Pulonary circulation
|
|
The liquid portion of blood
|
Plasma
|
|
engulfing of materials by certian cells of the body
|
Phagocytosis
|
|
measurement associated with acids and bases
|
Ph
|
|
A structurally discrete component of a cell that performs a specfic function
|
Organelle
|
|
Cavities containing the eyes
|
Orbits
|
|
The mouth; buccal cavity
|
Oral cavity
|
|
The control center of the cell
|
Nucleus
|
|
protein that makes up half of the proteins in muscle cells
|
Myosin
|
|
Thin sheets of tissue cells that line the bodys openings or canals that open to the outside of the body
|
Mucous membrane
|
|
The sum total of uses of ATP in the body
|
Metabolism
|
|
Space within the thoracic cavity housing all organs of the chest except lungs
|
Mediasteinum
|
|
imaginary line dividing body or body parts into left and right portions
|
Median plane
|
|
Tissue connecting bone to bone
|
Ligament
|
|
Found within villi of intestinal wall where fat and nutrients are absorbed
|
Lacteal vessel
|
|
The dead cells of the epidermis
|
Keratinized epithelium
|
|
Toough fibrous insoluble protein forming primary component of skin, hair, nails, and tooth enamel
|
Keratin
|
|
Articulations between adjoining bones
|
Joints
|
|
To eat food and drink
|
Digest
|
|
Portion of brain that regulates body temp, sleeping, and appetite
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
The physiologic steady state that is naturally maintained within the body
|
Homeostasis
|
|
Simple sugar found in certian foods especially fruits
|
Glucose
|
|
The blood cells
|
Formed elements
|
|
The passage in the skull bone where the spinal cord enters the spinal column
|
Foramen magnum
|
|
functional proteins; names usually ending in ASE
|
Enzymes
|
|
Inner lining of the uterus
|
Endometrium
|
|
prenatal development time between zygote and fetus
|
Embryo
|
|
records electrical activity of the heart
|
ECG (Electrocardiogram)
|
|
Crescent shaped projection of grey matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter spinal cord
|
Dorsal horn
|
|
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
|
Digestion
|
|
Movement of materials from a high concentration to a low concentration
|
Diffusion
|
|
Dome-shaped breathing muscle that separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities
|
Diaphragm
|
|
Body cavity containing the brain
|
Cranial Cavity
|
|
imaginary line passing through the body from head to toe dividing the body from front and back
|
Coronal plane
|
|
small hairlike projections on some cells
|
cilia
|
|
bodies within the nucleus made of DNA and protiens called histones
|
Chromosomes
|
|
present on both sides
|
Bilateral
|
|
offsetting or making up for something
|
compensatory
|
|
rounded inward
|
concave
|
|
A reason why something isn't advisible or why it shouldn't be done
|
contraindiction
|
|
The distance across the center of an object
|
Diameter
|
|
To enlarge or expand
|
Dilate
|
|
Enlarged or expanded from pressure
|
Distended
|
|
Endogenous
|
produced within the body
|
|
to make worse or severe
|
Exacerbate
|
|
produced outside the body
|
exogenous
|
|
contact
|
exposure
|
|
limp, lacking tone
|
flaccid
|
|
wide open
|
gaping
|
|
diminished or lacking some unusual quality or level
|
impared
|
|
to begin or put in place
|
Initiate
|
|
So gradual so as not to become apparant for a long time
|
Insidious
|
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Changing rapidly and often
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Labile
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Present but not visibly active
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Latent
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An indication or sign of condition
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Manifiestation
|
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substance or ingredient that provides nourishment
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nutrient
|
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closed or obstructed
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occluded
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given through or affecting the mouth
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oral cavity
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obvious, easily observed
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overt
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a characteristic or constant factor
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parameter
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beginning suddenly or abruptly
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paroxysmal
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Open
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patent
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producing a strong effect
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potent
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rapid, uncontrolled
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preciptous
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to make more susceptible or more likely to occur
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predispose
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anticipated or expected course or outcome
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prognosis
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underlying reason
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rationale
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To take in addition to or to complete
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supplement
|
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being equal or the same in size, shape and relative position
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Symmetric
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essential
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vital
|
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excrete or expel urine
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void
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amount of space occupied by a fluid
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volume
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3 steps of scientific method
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hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
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____subtance that makes all life possible
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H20
|
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two hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom
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H20
|
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Most significant aspect of H20 is the ____________
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polarity of its bonds
|
|
Digestive system is also known as
|
Alimentary canal / digestive tube
|
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Alimentary canal is made up of what 8 main structures?
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Mouth
Pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intesting rectum anus |
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Accessory organs of the alimentary canal include
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liver
pancreas gallbladder |
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Food is broken down in the mouth mechanically by
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teeth and mouth via mastication
|
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_____ is produced by three salivary glands to
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chemically breakdown food by lubricating and diluting the food
|
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Saliva contains an enzyme ___ that starts the digestion of complex carbohydrates
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amylase
|
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A ball of food is called
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bolus
|
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_______ muscles of the pharynx force the food into the upper portion of the esophagus where it can be swallowed
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constrictive
|
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A narrow tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach
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esophagus
|
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Digestive tract has four main layers from inner to outer:
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musous membrane
submucous layer muscular layer serous layer |
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once food enters the stomach gastric glands secrete _______ to break down food
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Hydrochloric acid
|
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Stomach muscles churn and mix the bolus turning it into a soupy mass of
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chyme
|
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stores and regulates movement of food into the small intestine
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stomach
|
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almost all digestion and absorption of food occurs here
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small intestine
|
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three major regions of small intestine
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duodenum, jejunum, and illium
|
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during digestion the pancreas contributes
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various enzymes, water to dilute the chyme and bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid
|
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when food is digested in small intestine liver secretes
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bile
|
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carbs, simple sugars and proteins are directly absorbed to the
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blood stream
|
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fat is absorbed into the lynph by
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lacteals
|
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All nutrients after absorption enter the _______ _______ vein to be routed to the liver for detoxification
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hepatic portal vein
|
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small fingerlike projections greatly increase the surface area of the intestinal wall
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villi
|
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reabsorbs water, stores and eliminates undigested food
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large intestine
|
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where there is an abdudant amount of intestinal flora
|
large intestine
|
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Name the five portions of the large intestine
|
ascending colon
transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum |
|
Name the opening for defecation
|
anus
|
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breaks down and builds up many biological molecules, stores vitamins and iron, destroys old blood cells, destroys poison, bile aids in digestion
|
liver
|
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transports food
|
esophagus
|
|
hormones regulate blod glucose levels, bircarbonate neutralizes stomach acid, Trypsin and chymotrypin digest proteins, amylase digests lipids
|
pancreas
|
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Rectum
|
fifth location of large intestine stores and expels feces
|
|
swallows
|
pharynx
|
|
Upper respitory system include
|
nose
paranasal sinuses (frontal, sphenoid) nasal cavitiy (concheas, meatus) pharynx (throat) |
|
Lower respiratory system include
|
Larynx
Trachea Bronchi bronchioles lungs |
|
responsible for oxygenating blood and removing Co2
|
Respiratory system
|
|
Trace the pathway of O2
|
nasal tract > pharynx > larynx > trachea > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles >respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveoli
|
|
refers to the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the aveoli
|
external respiration
|
|
refers to the exchange of gases between blood and the cells
|
internal respiration
|
|
The passageways between the nasal cavity and the alveoli ______ gases to and from the lungs
|
conduct
|
|
serves to warm, filter and moisten incoming air
|
upper respiratory passageway
|
|
lined with cilia to help trap debris and keep foregin substances from entering lungs
|
upper respiratory passageways
|
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requires the contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs
|
Inhalation
|
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a passive process during which the lungs recoil as respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size
|
Exhalation
|
|
can be converted to bicarbonate ion by carbonic anhydrase within RBC
|
Co2
|
|
a regulator of blood pH
|
Co2
|
|
Urinary system consists of
|
Kidneys
Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra |
|
filter blood/ part of urinary system
|
kidneys
|
|
where urine is stored before urination through the Urethra
|
Urinary bladder
|
|
Functional unit of the kidney
|
nephrons
|
|
small coiled tubes filter waste material out of blood brought ot the kidney by the renal artery
|
nephron
|
|
Filtration process occurs through the ______ in the Bowman's capsule
|
Glomerulous
|
|
Filtration of blood occurs under
|
force of BP
|
|
water, glucose and ions needed by the body leave the nephron by _______ and reenter the blood
|
diffusion
|
|
H20 is reabsorbed at the ________ of the nephron
|
tubules
|
|
The final product produced by millions of nephrons is
|
Urine
|
|
Urethra
|
opening where urine is expelled and is also part of the male reproductive system
|
|
here is where the trachea separates into two pathways one going toward each lung
|
bronchi
|
|
bronchial tubes have divided and branched out so much that they become very small tubes called ________
|
bronchioles
|
|
tiny air sacs, thick one-celll air chambers are thin and moist to allow for maximum gas exchange
|
alveoli
|
|
human reproduction takes place
|
internally
|
|
located in scrotum also where sperm is producted
|
testes
|
|
stored in the epididymis
|
sperm
|
|
trace sperm
|
testes--> epidiymis--> vas deferens--> urethra
|
|
as sperm travels through vas deferens what glands secrete fluids to create semen
|
seminal and prostate
|
|
the process by semen exists the penis is called
|
ejaculation
|
|
the process of ovulation is the point where the egg is released from its
|
follicle
|
|
After ovulation the egg is moved through fallopean tube (oviduct) via
|
cilia
|
|
is developed within the seminiferous tubules of each testes
|
spermatazoa
|
|
Interstitual cells between the seminiferous tubules produce
|
testosterone
|
|
This male hormone influences sperm development
|
testosterone
|
|
Male and female sex organs
|
gonads / testes and ovaries
|
|
Male and female sex organs have two functions
|
production of gamates (sex cells) / production of hormones
|
|
the sex organs are under the control of ______ hormones from the pituatary glad
|
pituatary gland
|
|
Reproductive activity for women is cyclic but for men it is
|
continuous
|
|
gamates are formed by
|
meoisis
|
|
Each month under influence of ___ ovulation occurs stimulating the ovaries
|
FSH
|
|
Polarity of water allows for
|
cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat and verstile solvent
|
|
water can be used to dissolve a number of different things
|
versitle solvent
|
|
the polarity of waters bonds allow a molecule to resist rapid temperature change
|
high specific heat
|
|
cohesion
|
ability of water molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another like substance
|
|
adhesion
|
the ablilty of water to bond or attract to other molecules or substances
|
|
most important biological molecules
|
carbs, lipid, proteins, nucleic acids
|
|
long chains or polymers of sugars primary function is storage, energy and structure
|
carbohydrates
|
|
lipids better known as fats have 3 types
|
fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids
|
|
Fatty acids grouped into 2 catagories
|
saturated and unsaturated
|
|
fatty acid > no double bond> solid> associated with cardiovascular disease
|
saturated
|
|
fatty acid > one or more double bond> liquid at room temp
|
unsaturated
|
|
consists of 2 fatty acids bonded to phosphate group> important in the function of cellular membrane
|
phospholipids
|
|
This fattty acid> component cell membrane > functions as precursor to significant hormones
|
steroids
|
|
Most significant contributer > cellular function > polymers of 20 chains (amino acids) > largest of biological molecules
|
proteins
|
|
nearly all cellular function is catabolized by some type of enzyme
|
Protein
|
|
components of molecules of inheritance
|
DNA and RNA
|
|
contains genetic code necessary for replication
|
DNA
|
|
Is used in transfer and as a messenger of genetic code
|
RNA
|
|
the cellular process that results in the formation of sugar from CO2?
|
Calvin Cycle
|
|
The phalanx is a
|
bone
|
|
dermis is classifed as
|
organ
|
|
where are pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors located
|
Carotid body
|
|
Where are baroreceptors located
|
Aorta
|
|
eye movement and papillary reflexes originate in which part of the CNS
|
midbrain
|
|
venous refers to which body system
|
circulatory
|
|
what is the primary sympathetic neurohormone
|
norenepherine
|
|
1 molecule used as currency of cell (ATP) / NADH acts as a reducing agent= goal to provide energy to the cell
|
cellular respiration
|
|
conversion of glucose --> pyruvate (occurs in cytosol produces 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH)
|
Glycolosis
|
|
pyruvate transported to mitochondrian in series of reactions (in mictochondria = 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 6 CO2
|
Kerbs Cycle
|
|
oxidation of NADH creating --> O2 and produce H20 in series of steps = 28-32 ATP, 1 Glucose consumed
|
Electron Transport Chain
|
|
substance causes extreme dilation of arterioles and capallaries , stagnating blood flow w/in tissue leading to shock
|
histamine
|
|
pH of the stomach
|
0.9 - 1.5
|
|
bile is secreted into which organ?
|
small intestine
|
|
Funtion of aldersterone is to
|
conserve sodium in the body
|
|
what is the function of glucocorticosteroids that are secreted from the adrenal cortex
|
to regulate fight or flight
|
|
what component of blood helps maintain glomerular oncotic presure at a normal level of 33 Hg which keeps a large amount of H20 from escaping the capillary
|
protein
|
|
what is the weakest of all inermolecular forces
|
dispersion
|
|
how could H20 be boiled at room temp?
|
lower the pressure
|
|
a catalyst increases the rate of reaction by
|
lowering the activation energy
|
|
chemical reactions in living systems proceed along catabolic pathways and there tends to be an increase in
|
entropy
|
|
active transport of small particles through cell membrane
|
pinocytosis
|
|
Why is DNA important for metabolic activities of the cell
|
controls the synthesis of enzymes
|
|
what is the primary cause of H20 moving in and out of a cell
|
H20 molecule pressure gradient along the cell membrane
|
|
At which phase of Peosis does crossing over occur
|
Prophase 1
|
|
Within liver cells glycogen can be decomposed to yield glucose. what must be present
|
Glucagon and epinepherine
|
|
trancription begins with reading DNA located within the
|
nucleus
|
|
The site of translation within a cell is
|
Ribosome
|