Herpetology Exam 1: Intro To Herpetology To Reptile Reproduction

Front 1

Name the three amphibian clades (scientific)

Back 1

Caudata, Anura, Gymnophiona

Front 2

Name the three amphibian clades (common name)

Back 2

Salamanders, frogs & toads, caecilians

Front 3

Name the four reptilian clades (Scientific)

Back 3

Rhynchocephalia, Testudines, Crocodylia, Squamata

Front 4

Name the four reptilian clades (Common)

Back 4

Tuatara, Turtles, Crocodilia, Squamates

Front 5

What are the sublineages of Squamata

Back 5

Lizards and Snakes

Front 6

What are some major contributions of herpetology to the broader field of biology?

Back 6

Better understanding of tetrapod evolution, embryology, medicine (pregnancy test toads), toxinology

Front 7

Name several things that evolved so that animals could go on land.

Back 7

-Pectoral girdle/ head independance

-Pelvic girdle articulating with sacrum (more mobility)

-Proximal (closer to the trunk) limb bones very robust

-Reduction in number of phalangeal bones

-Skull more flattened (wide instead of tall)

-Eyes more dorsal, kind of on the top of the head, (kind of like crocs eyes are first thing out of water)

-From Feeding: suction → tongue/ jaws

-Lungs → gills (early probably had both)

-Modification of kidneys (change so you can keep water in your body while still eliminating waste)

-Modification of other sensory structures like ears

Front 8

What are the 3 competing hypotheses for ancestors of extant herps?

Back 8

Temnospondyls, lepospondyls, dyphyly

Front 9

Which of the 3 hypotheses for ancestors of extant herps is most generally accepted?

Back 9

Temnospondyls

Front 10

All extant amphibian forms + Temnospondyls are part of a larger clade known as?

Back 10

Lissamphibia

Front 11

Distribution and diversity of Salamanders

Back 11

Mostly northern hemisphere, some in South/ Central America. ~9% of total amphibians.

Front 12

The retention of juvenile or larval characteristics in reproductive individuals.

Back 12

Paedomorphosis

Front 13

Progenesis

Back 13

Acceleration of sexual maturation relative to other development

Front 14

Neoteny

Back 14

Retardation of bodily development with the onset of reproductive activity

Front 15

Name the major salamander (Caudata) families

Back 15

Sirenidae, Cryptobranchidae, Amphiumidae, Plethodontidae, Salamandridae, Ambystomotidae

Front 16

Name some charachteristics of Sirenidae

Back 16

-Eel-like

-Lack pelvic girdle and hind limbs

-Paedomorphic

-External gills

-Almost totally aquatic throughout lives

-SE United States (4 species)

-Some are well over a meter in length, some have keratinized beaks

Front 17

Back 17

Sirenidae

Front 18

Name charachteristics of cryptobranchidae

Back 18

-Includes the largest species of amphibian in the world (Asian Giant Salamander)

-Only lives in Northern Asia and Eastern US (hellbender)

Front 19

Back 19

Cryptobranchidae

Front 20

Amphiumidae characteristics

Back 20

-Similar to sirens, eel-like

-Have little nubs for fore and hind-limbs

-Paedomorphic

-SE US

Front 21

Back 21

Amphiumidae

Front 22

Plethodontidae characteristics

Back 22

-Most diverse salamander group

-Only one with measurable tropic diversity

-Lungless, cutaneous respiration

-Many are arboreal

-They fill the niche in the east that lizards fill in the desert

-~440 sp.

Front 23

Back 23

Plethodontidae

Front 24

Salamandridae characteristics

Back 24

-Many commonly reffered to as newts

-Plastic morphology, aquatic during the breeding season

Front 25

Back 25

Salamandridae

Front 26

Ambystomatidae characteristics

Back 26

-Mole salamanders

-Tiger salamander is in this family

-Many have facultative metamorphosis

-North America

-~30 sp.

Front 27

Facultative metamorphosis

Back 27

Metamorphosis depends on the surrounding conditions. e.g. weather, food availability, predator presence

Front 28

Frogs & Toads (Anura) distribution and diversity

Back 28

Worldwide - particularly in tropics. ~88% of amphibians

Front 29

Name the Anura families of note

Back 29

Ascaphidae, Pipidae, Bufonidae, Hylidae, Dendrobatidae, Ranidae, Scaphipodidae

Front 30

Ascaphidae characteristics

Back 30

-Tailed frogs

-Only found in cold streams of north America

-Only 2 extant species

Front 31

Pipidae Characteristics

Back 31

-Highly aquatic

-Lack tongues because they feed much like fish

-Dorsal ventrally flattened to be more streamlined in the water

-Lateral line system

-Includes the pregnancy test frog

Front 32

Back 32

Ascaphidae

Front 33

Back 33

Pipidae

Front 34

Bufonidae characteristics

Back 34

-True toads

-Lack teeth

-Mostly terrestrial

-Conspicuous skin glands to secrete bufotoxins (toadlicking)

Front 35

Back 35

Bufonidae

Front 36

Hylidae characteristics

Back 36

-Probably not monophyletic

-Many known as "tree frogs"

-Often have adhesive disks on toes to help them stick to things

Front 37

Back 37

Hylidae

Front 38

Dendrobatidae characteristics

Back 38

-Many reffered to as poison dart frogs

-BUT not all species are toxic

-Aposematic coloring

-Complex parental care (Sometimes they will carry a tadpole on their back until they metamorphose)

Front 39

Aposematic coloring

Back 39

Warning coloration

Front 40

Back 40

Dendrobatidae

Front 41

Ranidae characteristics

Back 41

-Not monophyletic

-Extremely variable

-Most US frogs are in this group

Front 42

Back 42

Ranidae

Front 43

Scaphipodidae characteristics

Back 43

-Spade-foot toads

-Fossorial

-Explosive breeders (all breed at the same time)

Front 44

Fossorial

Back 44

Live underground

Front 45

Back 45

Scaphipodidae

Front 46

Caecilians distribution and diversity

Back 46

Pan-tropical except madagascar and east of Wallace's line. ~3% of amphibians

Front 47

Wallace's line

Back 47

Line down through indonesia that seperates very different diversity on both sides

Front 48

Caecilians (gymnophiona) families of note

Back 48

Caecilidae, Typhlonectidae

Front 49

Scientific name for frogs and toads

Back 49

Anura

Front 50

Scientific name for caecilians

Back 50

gymnophiona

Front 51

Scientific name for salamanders

Back 51

Caudata

Front 52

Caecilidae characteristics

Back 52

-A catch-all group for common cacealians

-Some look like giant vertebrate earthworms

-~42 species

Front 53

Typhlonectidae characteristics

Back 53

-Aqautic cacealians

-~13 species

Front 54

Back 54

Caecilidae

Front 55

Back 55

typhlonectidae

Front 56

Hormonally mediated

Back 56

Hormones are released at specific times which bring about specific changes in the animal

Front 57

What are some things thta can trigger hormonally mediated reproduction

Back 57

-rainfall

-temp

-photoperiod

-food availability

Front 58

2 modes of fertilization

Back 58

External and internal

Front 59

Which fertilization mode is ancestral?

Back 59

External

Front 60

Amplexus

Back 60

male grasps onto female and they both release thier gametes simultaneaously

Front 61

Which fertilization is most common in anurans, rare in salamanders, and non-existant in caecilians?

Back 61

External

Front 62

What are some problems with external fertilization?

Back 62

Sperm competition and reduced fertilization rates

Front 63

Which family of frogs fertilizes internally?

Back 63

Ascaphidae (tailed frogs)

Front 64

T/F less than 50% of salamanders fertalize internally

Back 64

False >90% do

Front 65

Explain the way salamanders reproduce

Back 65

Males deposit a spermataphore in environment, sometimes elaborate courtship rituals are used to bring females to spermataphore, who picks it up and stores it in spermatheca (can be stored up to several months)

Front 66

Phalloderm

Back 66

extended cloaca that male caecilians can insert into females

Front 67

Explain the reproductive mode of caecilians

Back 67

-Most oviparous and lay eggs externally into environment

-Some viviparous and young feed on maternal secretions in oviduct

Front 68

Oviparous

Back 68

lay eggs

Front 69

viviparous

Back 69

live birth

Front 70

Caudata reproductive mode

Back 70

-Almost all are oviparous

-A few ovoviviparous

Front 71

ovoviviparous

Back 71

egg is held inside the body until it hatches, pseudo live birth

Front 72

T/F Anura reproductive strategies are the most diverse

Back 72

True

Front 73

Anura reproductive mode

Back 73

-vast majority are oviparous with eggs deposited in water

Front 74

Which of the three groups often lacks a larval stage?

Back 74

Caecilians

Front 75

Which of the 3 groups undergoes the greates metamorphosis?

Back 75

Anuran

Front 76

Which of the 3 groups larval stage is similar to adult stage?

Back 76

Caudata

Front 77

What are 3 transformations larval frogs undergo to become adults?

Back 77

No legs --> 4 legs

Vegetarian --> predatory

Gills --> Lungs

Front 78

Amnion

Back 78

Sac that surrounds the embryo and is full of fluid

Front 79

Chorion

Back 79

Sac for gas exchange

Front 80

Allantois

Back 80

Sac adjacent to embryo for waste storage

Front 81

Yolk sac

Back 81

provides nutrition

Front 82

______ characteristics used for classification of amniotes

Back 82

Skull

Front 83

Mammals are what skull class?

Back 83

Synapsids

Front 84

Synapsids

Back 84

one hole in the skull

Front 85

Turtles are what skull class?

Back 85

Anapsids

Front 86

Anapsids

Back 86

no hole

Front 87

All extant reptiles besides turtles are what skull class?

Back 87

diapsids

Front 88

diapsids

Back 88

two holes

Front 89

Why do they have holes in the skull?

Back 89

-allow for sensory organs like ears

-reduce weight of skull

Front 90

Diapsida is split into what 2 main clades?

Back 90

Lepidosauromorpha and Archosauromorpha

Front 91

Lepidosauromorpha includes what extant groups?

Back 91

Rhynchocephalia and squamata

Front 92

Archosauromorpha includes what extant groups?

Back 92

Birds and Crocodiles

Front 93

Which hypothesis about where turtles fit in is most widely accepted and is backed up by morphology and genetics?

Back 93

they are the sister group to archosauromorpha's

Front 94

Distribution and diversity of turtles (testudines)

Back 94

Worldwide except high lat. or alt., 341 species

Front 95

What are the two major testudine clades?

Back 95

Pleurodira and cryptodira

Front 96

Pleurodira

Back 96

side-neck

Front 97

cryptodira

Back 97

hidden neck (neck retracts into shell)

Front 98

Testudine families of note

Back 98

Cheloniidae, Dermochelyidae, Emydidae, Testudinidae, Chelidae

Front 99

Cheloniidae characteristics

Back 99

-Sea turtles (not leatherbacks)

-Fully marine

Front 100

Back 100

Cheloniidae

Front 101

Dermochelyidae characteristics

Back 101

-Leatherbacks

-Largest extant reptile by weight

-Greatly reduced shell

-A lot of brown fat

Front 102

Emydidae Characteristics

Back 102

-freshwater or semi-aquatic

-Most US species

Front 103

Back 103

Emydidae

Front 104

Testudinidae characteristics

Back 104

-Tortoises

-Carapace is highly domed

-Similar diversity to other families besides the sea turtles

Front 105

Back 105

Testudinidae

Front 106

Chelidae charracteristics

Back 106

-Austro-american sideneck turtles

-Aquatic

-Highly diverse tropical group

-Pleurodires

Front 107

Back 107

Chelidae

Front 108

Rhynchocephalia distribution and diversity

Back 108

Islands of New Zealand, 1 genus, 1-2 species

Front 109

Rhynchocephalia families of note

Back 109

Sphenodontidae

Front 110

Sphenodontidae characteristics

Back 110

-Pineal eye with some evidence of functional sight

Front 111

Back 111

Sphenodontidae

Front 112

Lizards distribution and diversity

Back 112

Everywhere except antarctica, ~6100 species

Front 113

Lizard families of note

Back 113

Agamidae, Chameleonidae, "iguanidae", Gekkonidae, Varanidae, Helodermatidae

Front 114

Agamidae characteristics

Back 114

-"dragons"

-Ecological equivalent of iguanas in old world

Front 115

Back 115

Agamidae

Front 116

Chameleonidae characteristics

Back 116

-Chameleons

-Known for color change ability

-Laterally compressed bodies

-Prehensile tails, move eyes independent of one another, tongue can shoot out of mouth

Front 117

Back 117

chameleonidae

Front 118

Iguanidae characteristics

Back 118

-Most southern utah species in this family

-Includes phrynosomatidae and Crotaphytidae which have recently been elevated to own families

Front 119

Back 119

Iguanidae

Front 120

Gekkonidae characteristics

Back 120

-True gekkos

-Climb because of van der waal bonds

-

Front 121

Back 121

Gekkonidae

Front 122

Varanidae characteristics

Back 122

-Monitor lizards including Komodo

-Old world and australia

Front 123

Back 123

Varanidae

Front 124

Helodermatidae Characteristics

Back 124

-Gila monster

-Mexican beaded lizard

-Both venemous

Front 125

Sort of lizard like, sort of snake like, just sort of its own weird thing

Back 125

Amphisbaenians

Front 126

Amphisbaenian dist. diversity

Back 126

Africa, Middle East, N/S America, ~188 species

Front 127

Amphisbaenian characteristics

Back 127

-Legless except for Bipes

-Fossorial

Front 128

Back 128

Amphisbaenian

Front 129

Snakes dist. and diversity

Back 129

Worldwide except antarctica; >1500 species

Front 130

Snakes families of note

Back 130

Boidae, Pythonidae, Viperidae, Elapidae, Colubridae

Front 131

Boidae characteristics

Back 131

-Boas and Anacondas

-Live bearing

-Heaviest extant snakes

-Mostly tropical

-~59 species

Front 132

Back 132

Boidae

Front 133

Pythonidae Characteristics

Back 133

-Old world

-Includes longest snakes

-~40 species

Front 134

Back 134

Pythonidae

Front 135

Viperidae characteristics

Back 135

-Venemous

-Front folding fangs

-36 genera; 59 species

-Worldwide

-Includes rattlesnakes

Front 136

Back 136

Viperidae

Front 137

Elapidae characteristics

Back 137

-Venemous with fixed front fangs

-Cobras, corals mambas, etc.

-Worst to be bitten by

-55 genera; 353 species

Front 138

Back 138

Elapidae

Front 139

Colubridae characteristics

Back 139

-May not be monophyletic

-Includes almost all local snakes

-Many venomous with rear fangs

-~255 genera; ~1800 species

Front 140

Back 140

Colubridae

Front 141

Crocodylia dist. and diversity

Back 141

Tropical and sub-tropical worldwide; 9 genera 25 species

Front 142

Crocodylia families of note

Back 142

Alligatoridae, Crocodylidae, Gavialidae

Front 143

Alligatoridae characteristics

Back 143

-New world (except 1 in southern china0

-Alligators and Caiman

-Mouth closed you can only see top teeth

Front 144

Back 144

Alligatoridae

Front 145

Crocodylidae characteristics

Back 145

-mouth closed you can see top and bottom teeth

Front 146

Back 146

Crocodylidae

Front 147

Gavialidae characteristics

Back 147

-Skinny snouts

-Adapted to eat fish

Front 148

Back 148

Gavialidae

Front 149

T/F all reptiles reproduce sexually

Back 149

False: most do but there are a few notale exceptions

Front 150

Parthenogenesis

Back 150

reproduction via clonal inheritance, results in pop. that are all female, eggs are produced mitotically, pseudocopulation may be necessary

Front 151

Pseudocopulation

Back 151

Females will swith between female and male roles depending on thier own hormone levals

Front 152

T/F reptiles, like humans, have only two heterogametic patterns (XY and XX)

Back 152

False, many exist

Front 153

Like mammals many reptiles exhibit what sex determination strategy?

Back 153

Genetic sex determination

Front 154

Temperature dependent sex determination

Back 154

Genes involved that convert one sex to another depend on the temperature

Front 155

Temp. dependent sex determination is exhibited by?

Back 155

Some lizards, most turtles, all crocodilians

Front 156

T/F Mothers may work to influence the sex ratio based on population/ environmental cues

Back 156

True

Front 157

T/F like amphibians, lizards also exhibit hormonal triggers

Back 157

True

Front 158

Name the 3 general types of reproductive cycles

Back 158

Associative, Dissassociative, Continuous

Front 159

Associative reproductive cycle

Back 159

Seasonal breeders where testes and ovaries develop simultaneously

Front 160

Dissassociative reproductive cycle

Back 160

Seasonal breeders where sperm and egg occurs asynchronously; sperm often stored for later use

Front 161

Continuous reproductive cycle

Back 161

reproduction may occur at any time; males typically always ready, females often cycle in receptivity

Front 162

T/F only some reptiles have internal fertilization

Back 162

False; all internal

Front 163

Turtles/ crocodiles have ______ penis

Back 163

single

Front 164

Lepidosaurs have paired _______

Back 164

hemipenes; Hemipenes are used one at a time; and are variously ornamented

Front 165

T/F sperm storage in reptiles is common

Back 165

True

Front 166

All turtles and crocodilians are (oviparous/ viviparous)

Back 166

Oviparous

Front 167

T/F Some squamates are viviparous

Back 167

True

Front 168

T/F because viviparous reptile species may range from completely lecithotrophic to almost completley placentotrophic, the term ovoviviparous is not usually applied to them

Back 168

True

Front 169

lecithotrophic

Back 169

yolk-feeding

Front 170

Placentotrophic

Back 170

feeding through placenta

Front 171

R-selected species

Back 171

reproductive energy put into quantity

Front 172

K-selected species

Back 172

Reproductive energy put into quality

Front 173

T/F All reptiles are R-selected species

Back 173

False

Front 174

Describe parental care in the 3 reptiles groups

Back 174

Exhibited universally by crocodilians, largely limited to egg attendance in squamates, absent in turtles