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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Uses of Opiods
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Combat diarrhea
Pleasure and relief from anxiety Relieve pain |
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Morphine is extracted and heroin derived from?
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Raw opium is this substance
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Medically useful characteristics for Morphine:
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• Clinically useful
• Pure chemical • Known potency • Schedule II |
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What is the derivative of opium is the most potent?
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Heroin
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Why is heroine the most potent?
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Three times as potent as morphine because it
crosses the blood-brain barrier more readily and acts more quickly |
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Heroin is on what schedule?
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Schedule 1
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Heroine modes of administration:
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Oral
• original, still most common (pills) • Smoking • Intravenous • recreational and medical |
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Natural products of Prescription Narcotic
Analgesics |
• Morphine
• Codeine |
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Semisynthetics Narcotic
Analgesics |
Heroin
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Synthetics Narcotic Analgesics
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Synthetics
• Methadone • Meperidine • Oxycodone • Oxymorphone • Hydrocodone • Hydromorphone • Dihydrocodeine • Propoxyphene • Pentazocine • Fentanyl |
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Opioids bind to what specific class of receptors in the
brain? |
opioid receptors
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Why do Opioid receptors exist?
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because of natural paincontrolling system
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Endorphins
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endogenous morphinelike substances
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What are the opioid neurotransmitters?
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Endorphins and Enkephalins
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Enkephalins
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both naturally occuring neurotransmitters
found in the brain, and some in PNS |
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if opioid drugs bind to opioid receptors
and mimic endogenous neurotransmitters it makes them? |
receptor agonists
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activating opioid receptors suppresses ______
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activating opioid receptors suppresses inhibitory neurons
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What happens when activating opioid receptors suppresses inhibitory neurons
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• inhibit DA release
• if you inhibit the inhibitor, you get... • more DA released, the “high” |
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What is the result of CNS activity
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CNS activity explains pleasure/reward, some
analgesia, and the “high” • other synaptic effects to reduce pain in the periphery |
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Acute Behavioral Toxicity of Opoids
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Behavioral
• euphoria • pleasure/reward • pain relief • clouded thinking • drowsiness • vivid dreaming |
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Physiological Acute Toxicity
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Physiological
• depresses respiration • additive with depressants (alcohol, sedative/hypnotics) • nausea, vomiting • seizures • constipation |
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Chronic Toxicity
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• No long-term organ damage
• Sores, abscesses at injection sites • unsterile needles • Sharing needles can spread hepatitis and HIV |
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Medical Uses of opoids
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Pain relief
• Reduces emotional response to pain • Diminishes patient’s awareness of, and response to, the aversive stimulus • Typically causes drowsiness but does not induce sleep |
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Treatment of intestinal disorders
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Reduces colic and counteracts diarrhea and
the resulting dehydration • Acts by slowing intestinal movement • Paregorics: opium solutions for relief of diarrhea |
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What in Cough suppressant is active?
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Codeine used to reduce coughing in prescription meds
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What in OTC is the opioid analogue?
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OTC cough remedies contain the opioid analogue
dextromethorphan • hallucinogenic effects at high doses |
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Dependence Potential of Opiods?
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• Tolerance develops to most effects
• Cross-tolerance exists among all the opioids • Pavlovian conditioning may play a role in tolerance • conditioned to expect drug • brain anticipates drug, prompts compensatory responses in brain/body • e.g., increases respiration in anticipation of respiratory suppression |
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Physical dependence
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Symptoms of withdrawal appear in sequence
following most recent dose • Withdrawal is unpleasant but rarely dangerous • Methadone (long-lasting synthetic opioid) produces withdrawal symptoms that appear later and are less severe than those from heroin |
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Positive reinforcement of the drug:
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reward/pleasure aspect of drug
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Negative reinforcement of the drug:
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removes unpleasant
withdrawal symptoms |
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Does mode of administration matter?
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IV/smoking lead to dependence faster than pills
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OxyContin Schedule
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(Schedule II drug);
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