Herlihy A&p Chapter 8 - Skeletal System

Front 1

The skeletal system consists of (4 things)

Back 1

bones, joints, cartilage and ligaments

Front 2

the word skeleton means

Back 2

dried-up body

Front 3

a common bone disorder, especially in older women is called

Back 3

osteoporosis

Front 4

name 4 functions of the skeleton

Back 4

supports the body weight
protects the soft body organs
enables the body to move
stores minerals - important - calcium and phosphoral
producted blood cells

Front 5

name the 4 classifications of bones

Back 5

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irreglar bones

Front 6

bone is also called

Back 6

osseous tissue

Front 7

bone cells are called

Back 7

osteocytes

Front 8

what secretes an intercellular matrix containing calium, other minerals and protein fibers

Back 8

osteocytes

Front 9

Name the two types of bones

Back 9

compact and spongy

Front 10

dense, hard bone tissue found primarily in the shaft of long bones and the outer surface of other bones is called

Back 10

compact bone

Front 11

spongy bone is also called

Back 11

cancellous bone

Front 12

what type of bone is located primarily at the ends of long bones and in the center of other bones

Back 12

cancellous (spongy) bone

Front 13

the microscopic unit of compact bone is

Back 13

the osteon or haversian system

Front 14

osteoclastic activity is responsible for

Back 14

longitudinal bone growth

Front 15

describe the haversian system

Back 15

it consists of mature osteocytes arranged in a concentric circles around large blood vessels

Front 16

In infancy, the medullary cavity is filled with red bone marrow, in adulthood it's filled with

Back 16

yellow bone marrow

Front 17

yellow bone marrow is a storage site for

Back 17

fat

Front 18

the connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity is called

Back 18

endosteum

Front 19

a tough fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis is called

Back 19

the periosteum

Front 20

articular cartilage Is/Is Not anchored firmly to the outside of the bone on all surfaces

Back 20

is not -

Front 21

what is the function of periosteum

Back 21

protects the bone, serves as a point of attachment for muscle, and contains the blood vessels that nourishes the underlying bone

Front 22

where is the articular cartilage found

Back 22

on the outer surface of the epiphysis

Front 23

what is the purpose of the articular cartilage

Back 23

it decreases friction within a joint.

Front 24

another name for a joint is

Back 24

articulation

Front 25

the formation of bone is called

Back 25

ossification

Front 26

ossification begins when ________ or bone forming cells migrate to the region of the flat bones (in an infant)

Back 26

osteoblasts

Front 27

what do osteoblasts secrete

Back 27

calcium and other minerals

Front 28

ossification of long bones occurs when

Back 28

bone tissue replaces cartilage

Front 29

osteoblasts invade cartilage and replace cartilage with bone until

Back 29

all but the articular cartilage ad the epiphyseal disc have been replaced by bone

Front 30

what two pieces of cartilage remain unossified

Back 30

bridge of the nose and parts of the ribs

Front 31

maturation is characterized by two types of bone growth, name them

Back 31

(1) bones grow longitudinally and - for height and (2) grow thicker and become wider - to support weight

Front 32

where does longitudinal bone growth occur

Back 32

at the epiphyseal disc also called the growth plate

Front 33

when cartilage no longer continues to grow in the epiphyseal disc, what happens

Back 33

the bone stops growing in length

Front 34

longitudinal bone growth ceases when

Back 34

the epiphyseal disc becomes ossified and fused

Front 35

what two hormones affect the epiphyseal disc

Back 35

sex hormones and growth hormones

Front 36

what hormone causes the epiphyseal disc to fuse

Back 36

sex hormones estrogen and testosterone

Front 37

girls are shorter because

Back 37

the epiphyseal disc is more sensitive to estrogen

Front 38

hypersecretion of growth hormone causes

Back 38

giantism

Front 39

hyposecretion of growth hormone causes

Back 39

dwarfism

Front 40

what happens if the epiphyseal disc is injured

Back 40

longitudinal bone growth is impaired in the injured bone

Front 41

bone remodeling is accomplished by

Back 41

osteoblasts

Front 42

bone-FORMING cells are

Back 42

osteoblasts

Front 43

bone-destroying cells are

Back 43

osteoclasts (C4 explosive)

Front 44

where are osteoblasts located

Back 44

on the undersurface of the periosteum

Front 45

where is bone deposited by osteoblasts

Back 45

on the external bone surface

Front 46

where is bone broken down by osteoclasts

Back 46

on the inner bone surfact surrounding the medullary cavity

Front 47

bone resorption is when

Back 47

osteoclasts breakdown bone matrix

Front 48

the breakdown of the bone matrix is called

Back 48

bone resorption

Front 49

besides widening bone, bone resorption also

Back 49

moves calcium from the bone to the blood

Front 50

what hormone plays a role in bone resorption

Back 50

the parathyroid hormone

Front 51

what are bone surface markings

Back 51

ridges, projections, depressions and grooves

Front 52

what is the purpose of bone markings

Back 52

the markings that stick out serve as points of attachment for muscles, tendons and ligaments

Front 53

what purpose do the grooves and depressions play

Back 53

they form the routes traveled by blood vessels and nerves

Front 54

what purpose do the projections and depressions play

Back 54

they also help form the joints

Front 55

what type of fracture is a broken bone that also pierces the skin

Back 55

a compound fracture

Front 56

an incomplete break, usually occurs in children is called

Back 56

a greenstick fracture

Front 57

a fracture which extends in a spiral direction along the diaphysis is called

Back 57

a spiral fracture - caused by a twisting force

Front 58

when there are more than two bone fragments, the fracture is called

Back 58

a comminuted fracture

Front 59

when two parts of a broken bone have been jammed into each other is called

Back 59

an impacted fracture, which is a type of comminuted fracture.

Front 60

bones are composed of two types of osseous tissue

Back 60

compact (dense) bone
spongy (cancellous) bone

Front 61

What is the head of a bone

Back 61

an enlarged and rounded end of a boe

Front 62

what is an epicondyle

Back 62

an enlargement near or above a condyle

Front 63

a large rounded know that usually articulates with another bone is called

Back 63

a condyle

Front 64

a facet of a bone is

Back 64

a small, flattened surface

Front 65

what is a process of a bone

Back 65

a prominent project on a bone

Front 66

what is a trochanter (bone)

Back 66

a large tubercle (tuberosity) found only on the femur

Front 67

what is a depression or grove on a bone called

Back 67

a fossa

Front 68

a tunnel or tubelike passwageway on a bone is called

Back 68

meatus

Front 69

a sinus is

Back 69

a cavity or hollow space

Front 70

the skeleton is divided into

Back 70

the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

Front 71

what bones makes up the axial skeleton

Back 71

the bones of the skull, hyoid bone, bones of the middle ear, vertebral column and bony thorax

Front 72

what bones make up the appendicular skeleton

Back 72

the appendicular skeleton include the bones of the hip and shoulder girles

Front 73

how many bones are in the skeleton

Back 73

206

Front 74

how many bones are in the axial skeleton

Back 74

80

Front 75

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton

Back 75

126

Front 76

the skull is formed by what two groups of bones

Back 76

the cranium and the facial bones

Front 77

the cranium is composed of how many bones

Back 77

8

Front 78

name the eight bones of the skull/cranium

Back 78

frontal, parietal(2), temporal(2), occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

Front 79

name the four bone markings located on the temporal bone

Back 79

the styloid process, the external auditory meatus, the zygomatic process and mastoid process

Front 80

where are the zygomatic and mastoid processes located

Back 80

on the temporal bone, the zygomatic process is in front of the external auditory meatus, the mastoid process behing

Front 81

where is the point of attachment for some of the muscles of the neck

Back 81

the mastoid process

Front 82

where is the point of attachment for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx

Back 82

the styloid process

Front 83

the opening for the ear is called

Back 83

the external auditory meatus

Front 84

the bone that forms the bridge of the nose is

Back 84

the nasal bone

Front 85

the thin bone in the nose that separates the nostrils is called

Back 85

the vomer

Front 86

the mandible is located where on the skull

Back 86

it forms the chin and the lower jaw

Front 87

the bone that holds the upper teeth is called

Back 87

the maxilla

Front 88

the bone on the inner-interior surface of the orbit of the eye is called

Back 88

the lacrimal bone

Front 89

the point of attachment of the mandible to the temporal bone is called

Back 89

the temporomandibular joint

Front 90

the suture that runs across the top of the skull is called the

Back 90

coronal suture

Front 91

the suture that runs above the temporal bone is called

Back 91

the squamous suture

Front 92

the suture that runs above the occipital bone

Back 92

is the lambdoidal suture

Front 93

the bone in the cranium that is butterfly shaped and forms part of the floor and sides of the cranium is called

Back 93

the sphenoid bone

Front 94

the seat of the pituitary gland is located where

Back 94

in the sphenoid bone in a depression called the sella turcica

Front 95

the ethmoid bone is located where

Back 95

it is the deepest bone that is located between the eye orbits and helps form the bony structure of the nasal cavity

Front 96

a projection that forms a point of attachment for the meninges is located where

Back 96

on the ethmoid bone

Front 97

the membranes that surround the brine and contain cerebrospinal fluid are called

Back 97

meninges

Front 98

a sharp blow to the ethmoid bone can result

Back 98

in death by causing severe brain injury and death

Front 99

the face has how many bones

Back 99

14

Front 100

name the two single bones of the face (all others are paired)

Back 100

the mandible and the vomer

Front 101

the lower jaw bone that carries the lower teeth is called

Back 101

the mandible

Front 102

the only freely movable joint in the skull is the

Back 102

mandible

Front 103

the mandible articulates with the temporal bones where

Back 103

at the temporomandibular joint

Front 104

what is tooth grinding called

Back 104

bruxism

Front 105

two ___________ bones fuse to form the upper jaw

Back 105

maxilla

Front 106

an extension of the maxilla, the ___________ _________, forms the anterior portion of the har palate

Back 106

palatine process

Front 107

two palatine bones form the posterior part of the hard palat and the floor of the __________ _________

Back 107

nasal cavity

Front 108

failure of the palatine and/or maxillary bones to fuse causes a

Back 108

cleft palate

Front 109

cheekbones and part of the orbits of the eyes

Back 109

zygomatic bones

Front 110

what is a sinus

Back 110

the sinuses are air filled cavities located in several of the bones of the skull

Front 111

what important functions do the sinuses perform

Back 111

they lessen the weight of the skull and increase the sound of the voice

Front 112

the four sinuses are called

Back 112

the paranals sinuses

Front 113

name the four sinuses

Back 113

frontal sinus, ethmoidal sinuses, sphenoidal, and maxillary

Front 114

a sinus infection is called

Back 114

simusitis

Front 115

a unique kind of joint in the adult skull is called

Back 115

a suture

Front 116

the major suture are

Back 116

coronal suture, the lambdoidal suture and the squamosal suture

Front 117

name the two major differences between the infant skull and the adult skull

Back 117

infant skulls have fontanels and unfused sutures.

Front 118

soft spots in a baby's skull that are a fibrous membrane are called

Back 118

fontanels

Front 119

the word fontanel means

Back 119

"little fountain"

Front 120

by what age are the fontanels converted to bone

Back 120

by age 2

Front 121

what is the prime reason for fontanels

Back 121

fontanels allow the skull to be compressed during birth and allow continued growth of the brain and skull after birth and throughout infancy

Front 122

when the sutures of the infant skull fuse too early, preventing growth of the brain, this condition is called

Back 122

microcephalia

Front 123

microcephalia is characterized by

Back 123

a small skull and impaired intellectual fuctioning

Front 124

if excessive fluid accumulates within the brain of an infant, the bones are forced agart and the skull enlarges - this is called

Back 124

hydrocephalus

Front 125

a sunken fontanel can indicate

Back 125

dehydration

Front 126

what is the hyoid bone

Back 126

it is a U-shaped bone located in the upper neck

Front 127

what does the hyoid bone do

Back 127

it anchors the tongue and is associated with swallowing

Front 128

how many bones are in the middle ear

Back 128

3

Front 129

the three small bones of the middle ear are called

Back 129

ossicles

Front 130

another name for the vertebral column is

Back 130

backbone

Front 131

the backbone, vertebral column, extends from

Back 131

the skull to the pelvis

Front 132

how many bones are in the vertebral column

Back 132

26

Front 133

what four major functions does the vertebral column perform

Back 133

it forms a supporting structure for the head and thorax, an attachment for the pelvic girdle, it encases and protect the spinal cord and provides flexibility for the body

Front 134

how many cervical vertebrae are there

Back 134

7 c1-c7

Front 135

cervical vertebrae are located where

Back 135

in the neck region

Front 136

the large bump on the cervical vertebra is located where and called what

Back 136

C7, vertebra prominens

Front 137

how many thoracic vertebrae are there

Back 137

12 - T1 to T12

Front 138

the thoracic vertebrae are located where

Back 138

in the chest region

Front 139

how many lumbar vertebrae are there

Back 139

5 L1 to L5

Front 140

where are the lumbar vertebrae located

Back 140

in the lower back

Front 141

what level of the lumbar vertebrae are you at when you place your hands on your hips

Back 141

L4

Front 142

how many sacral vertebrae are there

Back 142

5

Front 143

the five sacral vertebrae fuse into one

Back 143

sacrum

Front 144

the __________ forms the posterior wall of the pelvis

Back 144

sacrum

Front 145

the tailbone is called the

Back 145

coccyx - it resembles the beak of a cuckoo bird

Front 146

Name two special vertibrae

Back 146

atlas (C1) and axis (C2)

Front 147

the first cervical vertibrae is called the

Back 147

atlas (C1)

Front 148

what vertibrae has no body, but does have depressions and form the seat of the occipital bone

Back 148

the atlas

Front 149

the second cervial vertibrae is called the

Back 149

axis (C2)

Front 150

the name of the projection located on the axis is

Back 150

the dens - named after a toothlike odontoid process

Front 151

what allows the atlast to pivot or swivel

Back 151

the axis

Front 152

this allows your head to rotate from side to side "no"

Back 152

axis

Front 153

the "spin bone"

Back 153

the axis

Front 154

in children the fusion between the __________ and the axis is incomplete

Back 154

dens

Front 155

the cartilaginous disc that pads the vertebrae is called

Back 155

an intervertebral disc

Front 156

the purpose of the intervertebral disc is

Back 156

the support the weight of the vertebra sitting on top of it

Front 157

processes provide a site of attachment for

Back 157

ligaments, tendons and muscles

Front 158

what is the vertebral foramen

Back 158

it is the opening in the vertebrae for the spinal cord

Front 159

when the lamina fails to fuse during fetal development, this develops

Back 159

spinal bifida

Front 160

compression of the spinal cord causes what

Back 160

paralysis and loss of bladder and bowel control

Front 161

what surgical procedure may be performed to access the intevertebral disc

Back 161

a laminectomy

Front 162

when a surgeon whats to remove a damaaaged or slipped disc, he performs a

Back 162

laminectomy

Front 163

when view from the side, the spinal cord has four normal curvatures, name them

Back 163

the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral curves

Front 164

what spinal curvatures bend toward the front of the body

Back 164

the cervial and the lumbar

Front 165

what spinal curvature bend away from the front of the body

Back 165

the thoracic ad sacral curvatures

Front 166

what curvatures (curves) center the head over the body, providing balance to walk in an upright position

Back 166

the thoracic and sacral curvatures

Front 167

how is the curvature of the fetal spine different

Back 167

it is a single c-shaped curvature that bends away from the front of the body (curled-up position)

Front 168

when does the cervical curvature develop

Back 168

it develops about 3 to 4 months after birth

Front 169

when does the lumbar curvature develop

Back 169

it develops at about 1 year of age, when children begin walking

Front 170

an abnormal lateral curvature is called

Back 170

scoliosos and usually involves the thoracic vertebrae

Front 171

an exaggerated thoracic curvature is called

Back 171

kyphosis

Front 172

swayback is also called

Back 172

lordosis

Front 173

an exaggerated lumbar curvature is called

Back 173

lordosis

Front 174

describe the thoracic cage

Back 174

it is a bony, cone-shaped cage that surrounds and protects the lungs, heart, large blood vesels and some abdominal organs - liver and spleen

Front 175

what plays a crucial role in breathing and supporting the bones of the shoulder

Back 175

the thoracic cage

Front 176

the thoracic cage is composed of

Back 176

the sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae

Front 177

another name for the sternum is

Back 177

breastbone

Front 178

a dagger shaped bone located along the midline of the anterior chest is called

Back 178

the sternum

Front 179

what are the three parts of the sternum

Back 179

the manubrium(top), body and xiphoid proces

Front 180

the tipe of the sternum is called the

Back 180

xiphoid process

Front 181

the xiphoid process serves as a landmark for

Back 181

CPR

Front 182

the suprasternal notch is located where

Back 182

it is the superior line of the anubrium

Front 183

the suprasternal notch is also called the

Back 183

jugular notch

Front 184

the jugular notch is

Back 184

a depression on the upper part of the manubrium between the two clavicles

Front 185

how many pairs of ribs are there

Back 185

12

Front 186

how many pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum

Back 186

7

Front 187

how do the ribs attach to the sternum

Back 187

by costal cartilage

Front 188

ribs that attach to the sternum via costal cartilage are called

Back 188

true ribs

Front 189

five pairs of ribs attach indirectly to the sternum or do not attach at all and are called

Back 189

false ribs

Front 190

the bottom two pairs of fals ribs which lack sternal attachment are called

Back 190

floating ribs

Front 191

the heart is located between the

Back 191

2nd and 6th ribs

Front 192

Contractions of these muscles helps move the thoracic cage during breathing

Back 192

intercostal muscles

Front 193

what is the costal angle

Back 193

they are the edges of the cartilage that form an angle as they converge near the xiphoid process

Front 194

the costal margin should be less than ________ degrees

Back 194

90

Front 195

during pregnancy the angle of the _______________ __________ increases

Back 195

costal angle