Heritability

Front 1

Genotype-Environment Interaction

Back 1

Differential response of individuals with different genotypes to the same environments.

For example, task performance of introverts versus extraverts in loud versus noisy conditions
Individual differences interact with environment to affect performance.

Front 2

Genotype-Environment Correlation

Back 2

Differential exposure of individuals with different genotypes to different environments

Three types of genotype-environment correlations

Front 3

Passive Genotype-Environment Correlation

Back 3

Parents provide both genes and environment to children, yet children do nothing to obtain that environment.

Child's verbal ability and the number of books in home

Front 4

Reactive Genotype-Environment Correlation

Back 4

Parents (or others) respond to children differently depending on the child's genotype.

Baby's liking for cuddling and the mother's cuddling behavior

Front 5

Active Genotype-Environment Correlation

Back 5

High sensation seekers expose themselves to risky environments


Genotype-environment correlations can be positive or negative

Front 6

Personality characteristics show heritabilities in _____ percent range; hence, showing substantial degree of environmentality _______ percent

Back 6

30—50 ; 50—70

Front 7

Shared

Back 7

In family environment, features of the environment shared by siblings (e.g., number of books in home)

Front 8

Nonshared

Back 8

Aspects of the environment that differ across siblings (e.g., different friends, different teachers)

Front 9

Twin Studies

Back 9

Estimate heritability by gauging whether identical (monozygotic or MZ) twins, who share 100 percent of genes, are more similar than fraternal (dizygotic or DZ) twins, who share only 50 percent of genes

Front 10

Calculating heritability:

Back 10

Two times difference between correlation ("r") for MZ twins and DZ twins, or 2 (rmz — rdz)

Front 11

Adoption Studies

Back 11

Positive correlations on traits between adopted children and adoptive parents provide evidence of environmental influence

Front 12

Family Studies

Back 12

Correlates the degree of genetic overlap among family members with the degree of similarity in personality trait

Front 13

Problem with Family Studies

Back 13

Members of a family who share the same genes also usually share the same environment—confounds genetic with environmental influences

Thus, family studies are never definitive