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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Genotype-Environment Interaction
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Differential response of individuals with different genotypes to the same environments.
For example, task performance of introverts versus extraverts in loud versus noisy conditions Individual differences interact with environment to affect performance. |
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Genotype-Environment Correlation
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Differential exposure of individuals with different genotypes to different environments
Three types of genotype-environment correlations |
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Passive Genotype-Environment Correlation
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Parents provide both genes and environment to children, yet children do nothing to obtain that environment.
Child's verbal ability and the number of books in home |
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Reactive Genotype-Environment Correlation
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Parents (or others) respond to children differently depending on the child's genotype.
Baby's liking for cuddling and the mother's cuddling behavior |
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Active Genotype-Environment Correlation
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High sensation seekers expose themselves to risky environments
Genotype-environment correlations can be positive or negative |
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Personality characteristics show heritabilities in _____ percent range; hence, showing substantial degree of environmentality _______ percent
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30—50 ; 50—70
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Shared
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In family environment, features of the environment shared by siblings (e.g., number of books in home)
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Nonshared
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Aspects of the environment that differ across siblings (e.g., different friends, different teachers)
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Twin Studies
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Estimate heritability by gauging whether identical (monozygotic or MZ) twins, who share 100 percent of genes, are more similar than fraternal (dizygotic or DZ) twins, who share only 50 percent of genes
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Calculating heritability:
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Two times difference between correlation ("r") for MZ twins and DZ twins, or 2 (rmz — rdz)
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Adoption Studies
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Positive correlations on traits between adopted children and adoptive parents provide evidence of environmental influence
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Family Studies
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Correlates the degree of genetic overlap among family members with the degree of similarity in personality trait
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Problem with Family Studies
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Members of a family who share the same genes also usually share the same environment—confounds genetic with environmental influences
Thus, family studies are never definitive |