Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
When did medicine "begin"
|
2000 BC
|
|
|
Why natural products?
|
Availability
Similar chemistry between ppl, plants, and animals Natural products have diverse action and complex chemistry; nourishing and supportive to the body |
|
|
Doctrine of Signatures
|
Many natural products were used because they resembled human anatomy/mimicked a disease state
-Walnuts for brain health -Red juice of bloodwort for blood disorders -Kidney shape leaves of hepatica to treat kidney disease |
|
|
What you eat is what you get
|
Many ppl believe tha the health of a human organ can be achieved by eating the organ from animals in certain cultures
|
|
|
Other purposes of Natural products before medicinal use
|
Arrow poisons
Religious and other rituals Cosmetics Sorcerers drugs |
|
|
Pharmacopoeias
|
4000 yr old Sumerian clay tablet
China: Emperor Shen Jung Pharm. Egypt: Ebers Papyrus Egyptian Pharm. Arabs: Poppy Juice (3rd century bc), Colchicum (6th century ad) |
|
|
Emperor Shen Nung
|
Said wormwood was used to treat fever, malaria, etc
Toad skin for heart conditions Described the diaphoretic and stimulative activity of Ma Hung. |
|
|
Ephedra Alkaloid Activity
|
CNS stimulation
Bronchodilation cardiac stimulation tachycardia diuretic increase bp peripheral vasoconstriction dec intestinal motility stimulate uterine contraction |
|
|
Pen Tsao Kang mu
|
Comprised 40 volumes describing several 1000s of prescriptions
|
|
|
Ebers Papyrus
|
16th century BC
22 therapeutic formulations: including beer, turpentine, myrrh, and juniper Included products derived from animals |
|
|
Ayurvedic Medicine
|
Basis: herbal medicine
Ayurveda: complete knowledge for long life |
|
|
Snakeroot
|
Widely used in Ayurveda
Root resembles snake shape; used to treat snake bites Used for mental diseases Isolated reserpine in 1952 |
|
|
Foundations of Western Medicine
|
Herbal med of ancient Greece laid western med foundation
Hippocrates: 4 humor of the body; black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood Aristotle's four basic elements: earth (cold), fire (hot), water (wet), and air (dry) De Materia Medica: 600 species of plants with medical value |
|
|
De Materia Medica
|
Pharmacopoeia universally used in Greek, Roman, and Arab words
500 plants Therapeutically useful animal and mineral products ~1000 natural product drugs, 4740 medicinal usages for durgs, and 360 medical props |
|
|
Mandrake
|
Greenish-yellow flowers, branched roots
Once believed to have magical powers Now has hallucinogenic tropane alkaloids (atropine, scopolamine, apoatropine, hyoscyamine) pain killer, anesthetic before operations |
|
|
Classification of Medicinal Plants
|
To regain the humoral balance: used combo of drugs (hot, cold, wet, dry)
John Gerard authored herbal compendium |
|
|
Contribution by Islamic World
|
Chemistry from arabic
Added numerous plants First culture to recognize pharmacy as a inde. branch of medicine--apothecary In Bagdad 8th century Carried this across Africa, Spain, and Southern France |
|
|
Knowledge Expansion by Muslim
|
Al-Dinawari added plants
Ibn Sina "Canoon Fi Elteb" dominated medical school and was the chief medical knowledge for 5 centuries (til 17th) Ibn Al-Awwan Al-Ishbili agriculturist who described 585 microbiological cultures Ibn Al-Baitar described 2000 drugs in "Jame-ul-Muffradat" Hindiba: drug for cancer treatment in muslim heritage |
|
|
Black Seed
|
Greatest forms of healing in Islam
Used to treat asthma, bronchitis, and rheumatism Seed is high in proteins, carbohydrates, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals FDA: has vitamins to help prevent disease and slow down the aging process |
|
|
After Fall of Rome
|
De Materia Medica was copied and recopied
Little new knowledge was added during Dark Ages Preserved in monasteries Monks gathered herbs in teh field Beginning of Renaissance, (early 15th) renewal of learning Poisonous mixtures were made |
|
|
Paracelsus
|
Investigated use of opium
Pioneered use of chemicals, elements in medicine Introduced draining to replace amputation or cauterization Introduced dose-response concept Said illness was the result of external agents attacking Advocated use of chemical agents against disease-causing agents |
|
|
Extraction of Medicinal Compounds
|
16th century
Medical alchemists focused on extraction of agents from medicinal plants Little book of Distilling |
|
|
William Withering
|
18th century
split between herbalism and scientific botany Studied **foxglove to treat dropsy/CHF Set standard for pharmaceutical chemistry |
|
|
Digitalis Purpurea
|
Purple foxglove
Leaves contain cardiac glycoside digitalis, still used today to treat heart failure |
|
|
19th century
|
Morphine isolated from opium poppy
Quinine (antimalarial) isolated from bark of Cinchona tree |
|
|
Aspirin
|
1897: Felix Hoffman
Synth-ed acetylsalicyclic acid MOA discovered in 1971 |
|
|
20th Century
|
Direct use of plant extracts continue to decrease
25% of prescriptions written contain plant-derived active ingredients 50% if antifungals are included |
|
|
Late 20th-Early 21st
|
Use of alternative medical treatment has increased
Renewed interest in investigating plants |
|
|
Herbal Med v. Western Med
|
Herbal: uses the entire natural product which is a complex mix of chemicals... could be more effective; synergy
Western: uses isolated chemicals--molecular designed for a specific target |
|
|
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
|
CAM
Variety of therapeutic and preventative healthcare practices that do not follow modern scientifically Why? *dissatisfied with western med *more active in healthcare *philosophical orientation 40% of US use it 73% of cancer patients Seek relief from a wide variety of diseases |
|
|
Herbal Medicines & Treatment
|
Botanical/Phytomedicine
Seeds, berries, roots, bark, floewrs, plant extracts... home remedies Bath, teas and juice, vapor treatment, ointments/oils Nutrition Maintenance of health Treatment of diseases: Natural products are not drugs in US |
|
|
Herbs as Dietary Supplements
|
Classified as dietary supplements by the US Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994
Not regulated by FDA Allows 4 types of statements: ... read on powerpoint! |
|
|
How do Herbs Work
|
Not sure
Much more than doctrine of signatures Whole herbs contain many ingredients that may work together and produce a beneficial eff Standardization is not possible realistically |
|
|
Challenges with Herbal Meds
|
Supply issue
Quality issue Safety issue Plants are efficient chemical factories producing phytochemicals Nature does not mean safe quality control advocacy interests not miraculous cure-alls |
|
|
Herbs and Weight Loss
|
May work on CNS to suppress appetite
Thermogenic: speeding up the body's metabolism, burning more fats ** may also contain stimulants to speed up the body's heart rate, respiration, and digestion ie. caffeine |
|
|
Ephedra
|
Most popular weight-loss supplement
Raise bp, cause arrythmias, and lead to seizures... more than 800 reported SEs |
|
|
Dietary Supps for Weight Loss
|
Contain ingredients from one or more herbs that are assoc with weight loss (ephedrine, caffeine)
Contain other nutrients to increase strength, stamina, and/or improve body homeostasis Contains vits and mins |
|
|
Miracle Burn
|
16 diff vits, mins, and herbal products
No estab recomm. dietary allowance for ingredients Contains ephedra under Brigham Tea Brigham tea, Fo-ti root, bay-chi root, konjac root, apple cider vinegar, l-carnitine |
|
|
Fo-Ti Root
|
Polygonum Multiflorum
China Long life elixir 4-8 g per day in tea/capsule BID/TID Treat premature aging Whole root may lower cholesterol Possess a mild lax eff if unprocessed SEs: skin rash, numbness, tingling, avoid if pregnant or nursing |
|
|
Bay Chi Root
|
Immune enhancer
Antioxidant Lowering bp, raise stamina, control perspiration, and control appetite |
|
|
Konjac Root
|
Active ingredient: glucomannan
Polysacch chain of repeating untis of glucose and mannose 6 g of soluble fiber reduce appetite, regulate insulin levels, lowering of total and ldl cholesterol |
|
|
Vinegar
|
Babylonians fermented dates
Ancient Egyptians recog-ed medical benefits grapes, figs, dates, and rye |
|
|
Apple Cider Vinegar
ACV |
acidic soln
weight loss, lowering bp, reducing cholesterol, fighting arthritis pain, relief of sore throat Do NOT TAKE IF YOU SUFFER FROM gerd |
|
|
L Carnitine
|
From essential amino acids lysine and methionine
Transports long fatty chain acids to the mitochondria help inc energy, burn fat, treat angina, reduce hunger 1-4 g daily |
|
|
Glucosamine
|
osteoarthritis
safe in usual doses up to 3 yrs may prevent further deterioration comparable to nsaids stimulates metabolism of chondrocytes commonly combined with chondroitin |
|
|
s-adenosyl-l-methionine
SAMe |
Depression, arthritis, liver disease, heart disease
orally and injectable safe up to 2 yrs likely effective for osteoarthritis depression parentally has serotonin effects |
|
|
Coenzyme Q10
|
CHF, diabetes, myopathy, HBP, mitochondrial cytopathies
vitamin-like compound safe for use up to 3 yrs FDA orphan drug CHF Possibly ineffective in diabetes and exercise tolerance |
|
|
omega 3 fatty acids
|
fish oils
hyperlipidemia, cad, hbp, arthritis, weight loss 1-4 g unsafe in high doses due to bleeding problems |
|
|
Creatinine
|
enhanced exercise performance and increased muscle mass
donates phosphate group to form atp beware of dehydration and rhabdomyalisis |
