Hepe Final Exam

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cancer

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a collective name that refers to a group of many diseases with one common characteristic:

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tumor

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aka neoplasm; mass of tissue with uncontrollable cell growth

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malignant tumor

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a "cancer," is a more
serious health problem than a benign tumor because cancer
cells can spread to distant parts of the body.

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benign tumor

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(not cancerous) cells that grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metatasis

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carcinoma

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most common types of cancer; Arise from the cells that cover external and internal body surfaces Lung, breast, prostate, and colon are the most frequent cancers of
this type in the United States

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sarcoma

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Arise from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle

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lymphoma

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Arise in the lymph nodes and tissues of the body's immune system

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leukemia

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Cancers of the immature blood cells that grow in the bone marrow and tend to accumulate in large numbers in the bloodstream

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carcinoma in situ

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CIS; cancer confined to cells in which it originated and has not spread to other tissues

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ocnogene

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mutated from proto-ocnogenes (DNA ones); cell often begins to grow out of control

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metastasis

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the ability for cancer cells to spread to the lymphatic and blood vessels, enter the circulatory system, and spread throughout the body

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hyperplasia

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tissue growth with an excessive rate of cell division; although there are more cells, the orderly arrangement remains normal

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dysplasia

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a large number of cells lose their normal tissue cell arrangement; can become malignant or go back to normal cell arrangement

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cell grading: grade I

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slightly abnormal and well-differentiated cells

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cell grading: grade II

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more abnormal and moderately differentiated cells

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cell grading: grade III

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very abnormal and poorly differentiated cells

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tumor staging: stage 0

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carcinoma in situ (limited to surface cells)

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tumor staging: stage 1

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limited to the tissue of origin, evidence of tumor growth

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tumor staging: stage 2

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limited to local spread of cancer cells

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tumor staging: stage 3

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extensive local and regional spread

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tumor staging: stage 4

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distant metastasis

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risk factors

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includes certain behaviors, enviornmental exposures, or inherent human characteristics that increase the chance of a specific health condition

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gene

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aka chromosome; governs cell growth and death

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apoptosis

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Disintegration of cells into membrane-bound particles that are then eliminated by phagocytosis or by shedding

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carcinogen

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any substance or agent that tends to produce a cancer

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mitosis

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the usual method of cell division, characterized typically by the resolving of the chromatin of the nucleus into a threadlike form, which condenses into chromosomes, each of which separates longitudinally into two parts, one part of each chromosome being retained in each of two new cells resulting from the original cell

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p53

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a type of tumor-suppressor gene which makes a protein that prevents a cell from growing or dividing when the DNA is damaged

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lymph nodes

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Small, rounded structures along the small vessels of the lymphatic system that produce disease-fighting white blood cells and filter out harmful microorganisms and toxins from the lymph. Lymph nodes may become enlarged when they are actively fighting infection