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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Take a stab at listing the specific diseases/causes of hemorrhage we talked about... |
Trauma Internal parasites External parasites Gastric/abomasal ulcer Vit K antagonists DIC Thrombocytopenia IMTP Hemophilia A Purpura hemorrhagica Venal caval syndrome Gutteral pouch mycosis Acute pyelonephritis Enzootic Hematuria |
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Name 2 equine intestinal parasites (both strongyles) |
Cyathostomes (small strongyles) Strongylus vulgaris (large strongyles) |
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Name 6 intestinal parasites of Ruminants/camelids |
Haemonchus contortus Ostertagia spp. Trichostrongylus axei Cooperia Nematodirus Teladorsagia circumcinta |
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Which species of ruminant are most susceptible to intestinal parasites, nematodes specifically? |
Goats
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name 4 ways to prevent internal parasites |
-high protein diet -pasture rotation -strategic deworming (i.e. not monthly) -FAMACHA |
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equine gastric ulcer syndrome is common in what type of horse? |
performance horses |
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T or F: equine gastric ulcer syndrome causes anemia |
false...usually, though it can |
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you have a racehorse that is mildly colicing and acting weird. you scope him and see gastric ulcers... what's the issue? |
MAYBE the ulcers, maybe something else. NOT ALL ULCERS ARE CLINICAL |
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do we know the cause of equine gastric ulcer syndrome? |
no and he told us not to focus on it so memorize something else |
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how do you for sure diagnose equine gastric ulcer syndrome? |
-gastroscopy and fecal occult blood |
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treatment for equine gastric ulcer syndrome? |
-omeprazole -increase roughage |
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in horses, a grade 3-4 gastric ulcer can sometimes cause anemia. what grade of abomasal ulcer causes anemia in a ruminant? |
grade 2 (at least) |
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is the fecal occult blood test a sensitive indicator for gastric ulcers in a cow? |
yes! 2/3 cattle with grade ONE ulcers will have positive fecal occult blood test |
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T or F: lymphosarcoma can cause an abomasal ulcer |
true |
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treatment of abomasal ulcers? |
-good feeding regiment -NOT oral gastroprotectants--they're not useful |
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what causes jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome? who gets it? what causes it? |
-treatment: surgery to remove jejunum/clot -cattle, 100 days after their second lactation -no idea what causes it |
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what is the toxic principle in moldy sweet clover? |
dicoumarol |
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you have a horse bleeding out of its nose, you find out it's eating sweet clover. DIAGNOSIS? |
are you even a doctor? how can you diagnose based off of history? sweet clover MUST BE MOLDY, you have no diagnosis yet |
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what does dicoumarol antagonize? what is it necessary for? |
vitamin K antagonist necessary for clotting factors: 2, 7, 9, 10 |
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with dicoumarol, what pathway is affected first? therefore, what diagnostic test will be prolonged? |
extrinsic pathway prolonged PT |
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which clotting factor has the shortest half life and is the first to be affected with moldy sweet clover? |
-factor 7 |
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you do a cbc on a horse with dicoumarol poisoning. what's the platelet count? |
normal. |
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how long does moldy sweet clover take to cause clinical signs in a horse? |
2-7 days |
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clinical signs of moldy sweet clover poisoning? |
-epistaxis -melena -subcutaneous edema -bleeding into body cavities + joints |
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how do you diagnose sweet moldy clover toxicity? |
-HISTORY is very important, paired with: -dicoumarol levels in feed+ blood |
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treatment for sweet moldy clover |
-stop feeding the clover -vitamin K1 -whole blood, packed cell or plasma transfusions as needed |
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in what do you find warfarin? what is it's toxic principle, biyoooootch? |
rodenticide vitamin K antagonist |
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how do you treat warfarin toxicosis? |
give vitamin k1 |
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hemophilia A is a deficiency in clotting factor ______, which is in the _______ pathway, and therefore will cause a prolonged _____ test |
factor 8 intrinsic pathway PTT |
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what horses get hemophilia A? |
MALES it's on the x chromosome, so avoid breeding dams who carry it |
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with thrombocytopenia, what type of bleeding do you see: raging rivers of hemorrhage, petechial hemorrhage, or intermittent rectal bleeds? |
petechial hemorrhage |
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T or F: just like IMHA, immune mediated thrombocytopenia exists |
yes |
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what are the four categories of things that can cause IMTP? (thrombocytopenia? |
bugs--viruses and bacteria drugs--penicillin thugs--neoplasia shrugs--idiopathic + autoimmune |
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who take anti-body coated platlets (from IMTP) out of circulation? |
mononuclear phagocyte system--spleen + liver |
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if an animals platelets gets below 40,000, what do you see? below 10,0000? |
40,000= hemorrhage in response to trauma (venipuncture) 10,000= spontaneous bleeding |
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T or F: with IMTP, feces and urine may be positive for occult blood |
true |
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you do a physical exam on a horse and see petechia, bruising, and a hematoma on its neck where it smacked it on the stall. what test do you expect to be prolonged? |
BMBT |
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what platelet level is diagnostic for immune mediated thrombocytopenia? |
100,000 or less |
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your boss tells you to run a coagulation panel on a horse. like WHOA?!?! so , you run PT, APTT, BMBT, and fibrinogen. if your patient has IMTB, which will be elevated? what will the others be? |
BMBT will be up all others will be normal because the clotting factors ARE FINE, it's the platlets |
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you are bored in the barn one day and run clotting tests on on horses that are eating sweet clover, that you don't think is moldy. one of your horses has an increased PT but looks totally normal. do you believe it? |
yes, actually, because PT can preceed clinical signs |
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if you were to do a bone marrow aspirate on horse that has IMTP, what would you see? |
megakaryocytic and erythroid hyperplasia the body is trying to make more platelets! |
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how do you treat immune mediated thrombocytopenia? |
-stop any triggering medications -corticosteroids -platelet-rich plasma or whole blood if needed |
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prognosis of immune mediated thrombocytopenia? |
variable. depends on what's causing it |
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DIC--primary disease? does it lead to MODS? |
nah bro, indicates another problem yes, it does lead to MODS |
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with DIC, what will you see with clinical signs |
generalized thrombosis and hemorrhage things start to clot, and then wont stop bleeding |
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diagnosis of DIC is the combo of 3 or more clin path abnormalities. name all 5 |
1. thrombocytopenia 2. prolonged PT and/or PTT 3. increased FDP and/or D dimers 4. decreased AT3 5. low mean platelet component |
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what clin path abnormalities support a horse in DIC besides the ones that show up on the list of 5? |
-inflammatory leukogram -fragmented RBCs -drop in fibrinogen |
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how do you treat DIC |
-manage underlying disease process -IV fluids--crystalloids, colloids -NSAIDS -heparin -blood component--whole blood, but really plasma plasma plasma |
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what infectious agents can cause IMTP |
Type 2 BVD EIA anaplasma phagocytophylia enzootic lymphosarcoma |
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what is purpura hemmorhagica? |
immune mediated vasculitis, a type 4 response to bacterial or viral antigens |
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what infectious agents can cause purpura hemorrhagica? |
strep cornybacterium influenza virus |
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clinical signs of purpura hemorrhagica? |
-edema -purpura (petechiation, ecchymoses) -myositis (infarctions and rhabdomylolysis) -anemia (can be mild or dramatic) |
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how do you treat purpura hemorrhagica? |
corticosteroids + treat the underlying disease |
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caudal vena cava thrombosis is most commonly associated with _________ |
ruminal acidosis |
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enzootic hematuria is caused by _______ and affects ________ (species) and sometimes ________ (species |
bracken fern ruminants sometimes horses |
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what is the toxin in enzootic hematuria |
ptaloquilosidase |
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clinical signs of enzootic hematuria in cattle? horses? |
cattle---normocytic normochromic anemia, hemorrhag cystitis, carcinogenesis horses--thiaminase |
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how long does it take for cattle to get clinical signs from enzootic hematuria? |
10-15 months, cancer can take up to 6 years |
