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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two factors determine blood flow?
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Pressure/resistance
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What drives blood flow?
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Pressure
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What impedes blood flow?
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resistance
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What is the most important factor in resistance in the vessels?
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The radius or diameter of the blood vessel; inversely proportional to the 4th power
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What does laminar flow describe?
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The fact that blood velocity is greater at the center of teh vessel than along the outer edges
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What is the main regulator of blood vessel diameter?
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Autonomic nervous system
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What percentage of blood volume can be found in the systemic system at any given time?
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79%
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What percentage of blood volume can be found in the pulmonary circuit at any given time?
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12%
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What percentage of blood volume can be found in the heart at any given time?
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9%
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What is the breakdown within the systemic system for blood percentages?
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15% arteries
5% capillaries 59% veins |
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What is the average blood pressure in large arteries?
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100-95
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What is the average blood pressure in small arteries?
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95-85
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What is the average blood pressure in arterioles? ***
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85-30 (important in regulation)
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What is the average blood pressure in capillaries?
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30-10
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What is the average blood pressure in veins?
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10-0
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Under what principle do precapillary sphincters work?
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Autoregulation; open and close due to varying amounts of O2, CO2, and H+
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What causes the osmotic force in capillaries?
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Albumin
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How do you calculate pulse pressure?
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Systolic - Diastolic
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What is Edema?
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The presence of excess interstitial fluid in the tissues
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What are the 3 main causes of edema?
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1. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased plasma protein 3. increased interstitial fluid protein |
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What three things can change blood pressure?
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1. Cardiac output
2. Peripheral resistance 3. Total blood Volume |
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What controls long term regulation of blood pressure?
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Hormones
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What does ADH stand for and what does it do?
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ADH is Anti-Diuretic Hormone, it decreases urinary output. It can take up to 30 minutes to work
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What is Primary aldosteronism (Conn's Syndrome)?
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A tumor grows in the adrenal cortex, causing an overabundance of aldosterone to be secreted, thusleading to hypertension, increased extracellular fluid volume, hypernatremia, and potassium depetion.
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What controls short term regulation of blood pressure?
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Nervous system, it reacts within seconds or minutes.
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What are the two major control mechanisms for short term regulation of blood pressure?
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Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
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Where is the control center for blood pressure in the brain?
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medulla
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What are the two parts of the control center for blood pressure?
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Cardioinhibitory center
vasomotor center |
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What does stimulation of the Cardioinhibitory center correspond to and what does it do?
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It corresponds to parasympathetic stimulation, it decreases HR, CO, and increases vasodilation, thus decreasing blood pressure
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What does stimulation of the vasomotor center correspond to and what does it do?
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Sympathetic stimulation, it increases HR, CO, and vasoconstriction, thus increasing Blood Pressure
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Baroreceptors stimulate what kind of response?
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Baroreceptors stimulate the cardioinhibitory center and inhibit the vasomotor center. (parasympathetic, release ACH)
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Chemoreceptors stimulate what kind of response?
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Chemoreceptors only stimulate the vasomotor center (sympathetic release Norepinephrine)
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What causes circulatory shock?
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inadequate blood flow and/or oxygen delivered to tissues
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What are the four main types of circulatory shock?
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Hypovolemic
Anaphylactic Neurogenic Cardiogenic |
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What is Hypovolemic shock?
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Low volume of blood, either loss of blood from hemhorrhaging, dehydration, or loss of fluids from burns
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What is Anaphylactic shock?
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Drop in blood pressure do to severe allergic reactions, causing high amounts of histamine to be released. (Histamine is a vasodilator)
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What is Neurogenic shock?
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Spinal cord damage which causes decreased sympathetic activity
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What is Cardiogenic shock?
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Inadequate circulation of blood due to heart failure
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What is hypertension?
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high blood pressure
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What percent of all deaths are related to hypertension?
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12%
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How does hypertension cause death?
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By rupturing a vessel in a vital organ or by causing the heart or kidneys to fail
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What are the characteristics of primary hypertension?
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No cause can be determined
85-90% of hypertensive patient rare if you're under 20 usually occurs 25-50 years more frequent in females genetic blacks more than whites high salt intake can contribute stress may play a role |
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What are the characteristics of secondary hypertension?
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Has clearly definable causes
10-15% of population |
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What are symptoms of Essential hypertension?
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Headache (often in the morning), dizziness, fatigue, blurring of vision, polyuria, polydipsia, muscle weakness, hypokalemia.
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How do you treat hypertension?
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Exercise
weight loss low carb diet stop smoking less salt reduce stress |
