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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the sources of energy for the RBC?
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glucose- 90%-> lactate, 10% HMP shunt
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What's in the membrane of the erythrocyte to allow for CO2 to be carried?
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Cl-HCO3 antiport for the CO2
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Define the following:
Anisocytosis Poikilocytosis |
Anisocytosis- varying sizes
Poikilocytosis- varying shapes |
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What are the different types of leukocytes?
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granulocytes- basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
mononuclear cells- leukos, monocytes |
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What is the role of the basophil?
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Mediates allergic reaction. <1% of all leukocytes. found in blood
Bilobate nucleus. Granules: heparin (anticoagulant) histamine (vasodilator) leukotrienes (LTD-4) |
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What is the role of the mast cell?
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Mediates allergic reaction.
Degranulation- Histamine, heparin eosinophil chemotactic release factors. Bind IgE to membrane Found it tissue Found in type I hypersensitivity- Cromolyn Na prevents degranulation (asthma) |
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What is the role of an eo?
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1-6% of all leukocytes.
Bilobate nucleus. Packed with large eosinophilic granules of uniform size. Defends against helminthic and protozoan infection Phagocytic for Ag-Ab complexes Makes histaminase and arylsulfatase |
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What are the products of a basophil?
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histamine
heparin leukotrienes |
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What are the products of the eosinophil?
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histaminase
arylsulfatase |
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What is the role of the neutrophil?
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Acute inflam cell 40-75% WBCs.
Phagocytic Multilobed Large, spherical, azurophilic 1ry granules (lysosomes), hydrolytic enzymes, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and lactoferrin |
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What is the role of the monocyte?
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2-10% of leukos.
Large Kidney nucleus Frosted glass cytoplasm becomes macros in tissue |
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What is the role of the B lymphocyte?
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Part of humoral immunity.
Arise from stem cells in marrow matures in marrow migrates to lymphoid tissue white pulp Ag-> plasma cells for Abs. Memory. Also presents Ags through MHCII |
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What is teh role of the plasma cell?
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Produces Abs
Off-center nucleus, clock face chromatin abundant RER and well developed golgi |
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What is the role of T-cells?
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Mediates cellular immune response. Originates stem cells in the bone marrow. Matures in the thymus. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic- CD8 MHCI
helper-CD4 MHCII supressor T-cells |
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What is the role of the macrophage
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phacocytizes bacteria, cell debris, and senescent red cells and scavenges damaged cells and tissues.
Long life in tissues. Macros differentiate Activated by gamma-IFN |
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What is the role of the dendritic cell?
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Professional APCs.
Express MHC II and Fc receptor on surface. Induce 1ry Ab response. Langerhans cells on skin. |
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What % of body weight is blood?
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8%
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What makes up the blood?
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55% plasma
45% formed elements (Hct) |
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What makes up the plasma?
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91.5% H2O
7% proteins Salts, lipids enzymes, vitamins |
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What makes up the proteins of plasma?
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55% albumin
38% globulins 7% fibrinogen |
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What makes up the formed elements of blood?
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erythrocytes
Leukocytes Platelets |
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What factors does protein C inactivate?
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Va and VIIa
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What factors does ATIII inactivate?
What activates it? |
IIa, IXa, Xa, XIa
heparin activates |
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What is the role of tPA?
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generates plasmin, which cleaves fibrin
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What steps in the coag cascade require Ca and platelet phospholipid?
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everything but XII and Thrombin.
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What is the connection between the coag cascade and the kinin and complement pathways?
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XII trigers prekallikrein to kallikrein
Kallikrein triggers Bradykinin formation and plasminogen to plasmin. Plasminogen also triggers C3 to C3a |
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What are the effects of Bradykinin?
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Increased vasodilation
Increased permeability Increased pain |
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Define the following:
Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia Anaplasia Neoplasia |
Hyper- increase # of cells, reversible
Meta- 1 adult type is replaced by another (smoker's) Dysplasia- abnl growth w/ loss of orientation, shap, size (preneoplastic and reversible) Anaplasia- abnl cells lacking differentiation; primitive cells of same tissue. W/ undiffed malig neoplasms. Giant cells? Neoplasia- clonal prolif of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive |
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What are the stages of neoplastic progression?
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Normal cells-> apical differentiation
Hyperplasia Dysplasia- abnl prolif w/ loss of size, shape In situ- Neoplastic cells w/ no invasion. High nuclear/ctoplasmic ration and clumped chromatin; Neoplastic cells take up the thickness Invasive carcinoma- collagenases, hydrolases help cell invade. can mets if it reaches blood or lymph Mets- Spread to distant organ; Seed and soil- seed=embolus, soil=target |
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What is the difference between the grade and the stage of a tumor?
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Grade- Degree of cellular differentiation based on histo.
Stage- degree of spread. Stage is usually more prognostic. |
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What neoplasms are associated with Down's?
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We ALL fall DOWN
ALL AML |
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What neoplasms are associated with Xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism?
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Melanoma, basal, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
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What neoplasm is associated with atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and postsurgical gastric remnants?
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Gastric adenocarcinoma
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What is a choristoma?
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normal tissue misplaced w/in another organ: pancreatic tissue in the stomach
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What is desmoplasia?
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tumor-induced prolif of non-neoplastic fibrous CT- breast, pancreas, prostate
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Breakdown the steps to metastasis
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1. growth and vascularization of 1ry tumor
2. invasiveness 3. transport and survival of tumor cells in the circulation 4. arrest of emboli- passage accross Baseement Membrane 5. Overcomign target tissuee defense mechanisms 6. successful metastatic implants |
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How do the common pathways for mets in carcinomas and sarcomas differ?
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carcinomas- like to mets through lymph
sarcomas- like to mets through blood. renal cell and hepatocellular carcinoma are exceptions |
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what cytokine triggers cachexia?
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TNF-alpha
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What tumor is the abl gene associated with?
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CML
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What tumor is the c-myc gene associated with?
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Burkitt's
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What tumor is the bcl-2 gene associated with?
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Follicular and undiffed lymphomas
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What tumor is the erb-B2gene associated with?
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Breast, ovarian, gastric carcinomas
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What tumor is the ras gene associated with?
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Colon carcinoma
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What tumor is the L-myc gene associated with?
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Lung tumor
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What tumor is the N-myc gene associated with?
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neuroblastoma
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What tumor is the ret gene associated with?
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MEN II and III
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What neoplasm is associated with tuberous sclerosis?
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astrocytoma and cardiac rhabdomyoma
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What neoplasm is associated with actinic keratosis?
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
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What neoplasm is associated with Barrett's esophagus
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Esophageal adenocarcinoma
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What neoplasm is associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
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What neoplasm is associated with cirrhosis?
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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What neoplasm is associated with ulcerative colitis
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Colonic adenocarcinoma
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What neoplasm is associated with Paget's disease of bone
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2ry osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
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What neoplasm is associated with Immunodeficiency
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Malignant lymphomas
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What neoplasm is associated with AIDS
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Non-Hodgkin's
Kaposi's |
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What neoplasm is associated with autoimmune disease?
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Benign and malignant thymomas
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What neoplasm is associated with Acanthosis nigricans
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Visceral malignancy
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What neoplasm is associated with dysplastic nevus
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Malignant melanoma
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What genes are associated with Retinoblastoma?
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13q, Rb
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What gene is associated with osteosarcoma?
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13q, Rb
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What gene is associated with Breast cancer?
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17q, 13q; BRCA1 and 2
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What gene is p53?
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17p
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What gene is associated with Melanoma?
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9p; p16
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What gene is associated with colorectal cancer?
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5q
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What gene is associated with Wilm's tumor?
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11q, WT1
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What gene is associated with neurofibromatosis type 1?
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NF1; 17q
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What gene is associated with neurfibromatosis type 2?
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NFA2; 22q
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What gene is associated with pancreatic cancer?
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DPC 18q
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What gene is associated with colon cancer?
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DCC; 18q
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Whas is CEA a tumor marker for? (4)
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colorectal and pancreatic;
also made by gastric and breast |
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What is alpha-fetoprotein a tumor marker for?
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HCC
Yolk-sack |
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What is B-hCG a tumor marker for?
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Hyadatidiform moles
Choriocarcinomas Gestational trophoblastic tumors |
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What is CA-125 a tumor marker for?
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Ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors
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What is S-100 a tumor marker for?
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Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytoma
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What is alkaline phosphatase a tumor marker for?
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Mets to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Paget's
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What is Bombesin a tumor marker for?
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Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
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What is TRAP a tumor marker for?
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Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Hairy cell |
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What are Psammoma bodies?
What cancers are they seen in? |
Laminated, concentric, calcific spherules seen in:
1. Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid 2. Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary 3. Meningioma 4. Malignant mesothelioma |
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What organ is affected by aflatoxin?
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liver-HCC
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What organ is affected by Vinyl chloride?
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Liver- angiosarcoma
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What organ is affected by CCl4?
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Liver- centrilobular necrosis, fatty change
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What organ is affected by Nitrosamines?
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Esophagus, stomach
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What organ is affected by arsenic?
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skin- squamous cell carcinoma
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What organ is affected by Naphthalene dyes?
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Bladder- transitional cell carcinoma
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What organ is affected by Alkylating agents?
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blood
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What two cancers can cause Lamber-Eaton?
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Thymoma
Small cell |
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What tumor is associated with hyperuricemia and Gout?
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Leukemia and Lymphoma
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What tumors mets tothe brain?
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Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia
Lung Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (RCC) GI |
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What tumors mets to the liver?
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Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver
Colon>Stomach>Pancreas>Breast>Lung |
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What tumors mets to the bone?
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P.T. Barnum Loves Kids
Prostate Thyroid/Testes Breast Lung Kidney Breast and Prostate are most common Lung=Lytic Prostate=Blastic Breast=Both |
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What cancers occur in men?
What kills them? |
Prostate 32%
Lung 16% colon and rectum 12% Mortality Lung 33% Prostate 13% |
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What cancers occur in women?
What kills them? |
Breast 32%
Lung 13% Colon and rectum 13% Kills Lung 23%- increasing Breast 18% |
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What cancers are associated with hyperthyroidism?
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Hyadatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas and some lung tumors
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What tumors are associated with Hypoglycemia
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HCC
Mesotheliomas, some sarcomas |
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What tumor is associated with polycythemia?
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think EPO
kidney |
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what tumors are associated with hyperCa?
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mets in bone
squamous cell multiple myeloma |
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What tumor is associated with 8,14 translocation?
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Burkitt
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What tumor is associated with 14, 18 translocation?
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Follicular
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What tumor is associated with 9,22 translocation?
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CML
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What tumor is associated with 15,17 translocation?
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PML (aml)
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