Heme Exam 1 - Foster Blood

Front 1

Blood is composed of

Back 1

fluid (plasma) and cells (formed elements)

Front 2

The cels or formed elements of blood include:

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erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
platelets

Front 3

What elements are moved to the peripheral tissues? and what not?

Back 3

Plasma and all other formed elements in blood readily move into the peropheral tissues.

Erythrocytes and platelets are not.

Front 4

What do you need for to the blood to be separated following centrifugation?

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Collect blood with an anti-coagulant such as heparin, EDTA, sodium citrate.

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What are the blood layers after centrifugation? %?

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Platelets on top 53-57% of TBV
Leukocytes 1-2%-buffy coat
erythrocytes 42-47% on bottom

Front 6

What is hematocrit?

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Estimates the volume of packed erythrocytes in the blood

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Serum from what?

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When blot clots, the clot will contain platelets and other formes elements and as it contracts will express from it a clear yellow fluid called the serum.

Front 8

Serum vs. Plasma

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Serum is = plasma - clotting factor

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What is blood? Function?

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A distribution vehicle for the transport of gases, nutrients, metabolic waste, cells, hormones and organic and inorganic matter.
It also regulates body T,acid-base, and osmotic balance

Front 10

Plasma composed of:

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plasma protein (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen and some cytokines), inorganic salts, and organic molecules (a.a., vitamins, hormones, lipoproteins).

Front 11

How you do a blood smear for observation of blood cells?

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Put a smear of blood on a glass slide
fixation and staining with a polychromatic hematologic stain such as Giemsa, Wright or Leishman stains

Front 12

List the 4 distinctive staining patterns:

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1. Basophilia (dark blue: DNA and RNA)
2. Azurophilia (purple: lysosomes)
3. eosinophilia (pink, Hb, certain granules)
4. Neutrophilia (light pink to lilac: neutrophilic granules).

Front 13

Bone marrow is studied using:
How is it different from blood smearing?

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aspirates and smearing on glass slide followed by staining.
Aspiration and smearing bone marrow results in artifactual alteration from in vivo morphology

Front 14

RBC c'teristics:

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anucleated, biconcave disk-like cells packed with Hb.
Lighter thin cytoplasma and thick outer cytoplasma.

Front 15

What functions in transport of O2 and CO2?

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Hb

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Dimameter of RBC?

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7.5 micrometer

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Dimameter of Macrocytes?

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>9 micrometer

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Dimameter of Microcytes?

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<6 micrometer

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What is one of the most important properties of an erythrocytes?

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contains normal adult Hb (HbA) is deformability. This is due to the types of membrane peripheral proteins.

Front 20

What are Reticulocytes? Contain what?

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Immature RBC's
Contain Basophilic staining ribosomes in their cytoplasm and can still sythesize Hb.

Front 21

Reticulocytes become mature RBC's?

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within 1-2 days using ATP-dependent cytoplasmic enzymes to degrade remaining organelles.

Front 22

What does not sythesise Hb or any other proteins?

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Mature RBC's

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RBC live how long? Energy from where?

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120 days and glucose

Front 24

What happens to senescent/old RBC's?

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when thay can't move through the sinuses the macrophages remove them in the spleen and bone marrow.

Front 25

what is HbS?

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sickle cell disease is a point mutation in the chain of Hb changing the glutamic acid into valine.
It is less flexible and can cause strokes to areas since it can get stuck at capillaries.

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Hemoglobin bound with oxygen called

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oxyhemoglobin

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Hemoglobin bound with carbon dioxide =

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carbaminohemoglobin

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Hemoglobin bound with carbon monoxide =

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carboxyhemoglobin, irreversible

Front 29

What are Leukocytes? Where are they found?

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white blood cells (WBC) migrate into the tissues from the blood circulation and are not restricted to the circulation like erythrocytes.

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Function of Leukocytes?

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They have many functions and properties but perhaps the most important one is in host defense against invading microbes and tumors.

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Leukocytes can be subdivided into:

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granulocytes and agranulocytes

Granulocytes can be further divided into:
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

Agranulocytes can be further subdivided into:
-lymphocytes
-monocytes

Front 32

Granulocytes (which are leukocytes) contain

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single multilobed nucleus and two types of granules, specific and azurophilic (lysosome) granules.

Front 33

Agranulocytes (leukocytes) have

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azurophilic granules but no specific granules.

Front 34

Leukocytes pass from

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the blood between the endothelial cells and into the peripheral tissues by diapedesis- through intact vessel walls

Front 35

When are leukocytes considered normal cellular components of connective tissue?

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leukocytes are usually found in most tissues only as the result of inflammation or other immunological injury they are considered normal cellular components of connective tissue.

Front 36

The number of leukocytes varies with

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age, sex and physiologic conditions but usually ranges between 6,000 and 10,000 cells /mm3 (WBC count).

Front 37

Neutrophils also called; have

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polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) have neutrophilic specific granules and azurophilic granules

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Neutrophils constitute ___% total WBC count;
energy from

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60-70% of total WBC
derive energy from glycogen primarily via anaerobic glycolytic and hexosemonophosphate shunt pathways

This the the 1st at the site of infection. Stays 6-7 hours in blood, and 4-5 days in tissue. Can become phagocytic cells

Front 39

Neutrophils half life in blood:

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6-7 hours
they remain in tissues 1-4 days
they are terminally differentiated

Front 40

Phagocytotic cells?

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Neutrophils & monocytes/macrophages can normally engulf particles through this process.

Front 41

Psuedopodia

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surround particle(s) and fuse to form a phagosome containing the particle inside the phagocyte.

Specific granules fuse and dump their contents into the phagosome: a proton pump is activated on the phagosome membrane and pumps protons inside lowering the pH to ~4.0.

Front 42

How Phagosome works?

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Specific granules (such as azurophilic granules- lysosomes) fuse and dump their contents into the phagosome: a proton pump is activated on the phagosome membrane and pumps protons inside lowering the pH to ~4.0.

Front 43

An enzyme in the phagosome membrane generates

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generates the reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI): superoxide anion (•O2-), hydroxyl radical (•OH), singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide (H202).
Together with the myeloperoxidase and free halide ions (e.g., Cl-, I-) these form a powerful set of killing molecules.

Front 44

Eosinophils c'teristics:

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ony 2-4% of total WBC count
- bilobed nucleus (joined together)
-Contain characteristic eosinophilic specific granules

Front 45

Eosinophilic specific granules are

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typically elongated oval shaped bodies.

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Eosinophils found

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connective tissues underlying the epithelia of skin, bronchi, GI tract, uterus, and vagina.

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Eosinophils function

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Function in hypersensitivity during allergic reactions and helminth (worm) infections.
Also function to limit
inflammation caused by
the release of histamine
and leukotrienes by other
cells (e.g. mast cells).

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Eosinophilic granules

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Few to no azurophilic granules.

Eosinophilic specific granules consist of a crystalline core called the internum which has a toxic molecule called the major basic protein (MBP)

The surrounding layer of the granule is called the externum or matrix and contains histaminase, aryl
sulfatases (degrades leukotrienes) and the other contents.

Front 49

Where is the MBP found?

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In Eosinophilic granules in their internum

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Eosinophilia is associated with

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allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections

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Basophils c'teristics

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make up less than 1% of the WBC count;
multilobed nucleus btwn eosinophils (2) and neutrophils (many); nucleus is invisible under the granules

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Basophils granules contain

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They contain predominant metachromatic specific granules that are irregular in size and shape.
Few to no azurophilic granules; similar functions and specific granule properties with the mast cell;

Can accumulate at sites of inflammation.

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Basophils Metachromatic specific granules consist of

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of
1. eosinophilic chemotactic factor,
2. heparin,
3. histamine and
4. peroxidase

Front 54

Mast cells c'teristics

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Mast cells are large (20-30 um) round to oval cells found in connective and mucosal tissues.

Round single nucleus.

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Mast cells

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Derived from a precursor cell distinct from the myeloblast in the bone marrow but is not found in blood circulation;

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Mast cells' metachromatic specific granules contain

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mast cells' metachromatic specific granules contain histamine and heparin (connective tissue) or chondroitin sulfate (mucosal tissue)

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Lymphocytes c'teristics

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Lymphocytes c'teristics: WBC agranulocytes

20-30% of total WBC; small (6-8 um) rounded leukocytes distinguished into functional subpopulations by surface marker expression rather than by morphology (CD markers surface molecules found on leukocytes e.g. CD3 on T cells, CD4 on helper T cells, CD8 on cytotoxic T cells, CD19 on B cells).

Front 58

Lymphocytes size?

Back 58

Lymphocytes size?

Medium to large (up to 18 um) are activated lymphocytes

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Lymphocytes c'teristics morphology

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Lymphocytes c'teristics morphology?
1. Round nucleus;
2. Scanty cytoplasm;
3. Few azurophilic granules;
4. Many free polyribosomes

Front 60

B-Lymphocytes c'teristics?

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B-Lymphocytes c'teristics?

10-20% of total blood lymphocytes;

Mediator of humoral immunity.

Formed and matures primarily in the bone marrow

Front 61

What B-Lymphocytes have on their membrane?

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What B-Lymphocytes have on their membrane?

Have antibody molecule receptor for antigen on membrane.

Front 62

The plasma cell is the terminally differentiated B cell which secretes ___?

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The plasma cell is the terminally differentiated B cell which secretes ___?

antibody in different immunoglobulin classes (e.g., IgM, IgG);

Front 63

T-Lymphocytes c'teristics?

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T-Lymphocytes c'teristics?

70-80% of total blood lymphocytes;

Formed in bone marrow but the lymphoid precursors migrate to the thymus where they mature into T lymphocytes.

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T-Lymphocytes are the mediator of ___?

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T-Lymphocytes are the mediator of ___?

cell-mediated immunity;
have a T cell receptor (not antibody) for antigen on surface membrane;

don't produce antibody

Front 65

Natural Killer (NK) cells
c'terisitcs?

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Natural Killer (NK) cells
c'terisitcs?

Larger than T or B lymphocytes (10-12 um) does not make antibody or have T cell receptors.
Part of the population called null cells; many azurophilic granules (large granular lymphocyte. LGL)

Important in eliminating certain types of tumors, viral infected cells, and possibly parasites.

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Monocytes c'terisitcs?

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Monocytes c'terisitcs?

3-8% of total blood WBC;

Monocytes tend to be the largest of the leukocytes (12-20 um);

Nucleus is oval, horseshoe or kidney-shaped and usually eccentric. *

Chromatin is less condensed than lymphocytes and has a more fibrillar arrangement.


Contain many fine azurophilic (lysosomal) granules;

Differentiate into macrophages in peripheral tissues and certain specialized cells in certain organs (e.g. Kuppfer cells in the liver)

Front 67

Monocytes function?

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Monocytes function?

Interact with lymphocytes and have a crucial role in the recognition and interaction of T cells and antigen;

Front 68

Platelets c'teristics?

Back 68

Platelets c'teristics?

Anucleated disk-like cell fragments sometimes called thrombocytes.

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Platelets Derived from?

Back 69

Platelets Derived from?

bone marrow megakaryocytes.

Front 70

Platelets function? lifespan?

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Platelets function? lifespan?

Promote blood clotting and help repair breaks in walls of blood vessels;

Lifespan of 10 days in blood;

Often appear as clumps in peripheral blood smears;

Front 71

Structure of Platelets?
****

Back 71

Structure of Platelets?

Peripheral zone called hyalomere-outer zone*

Channels connect to surface membrane probably function in mediator release.

Front 72

Hyalomere function?

Back 72

Hyalomere function?

In platelets.
Periphery contains marginal bundle of microtubules helps maintain platelet shape.
Also play a role in movements.

Front 73

Actin containing microfilaments in hyalomere ____?

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Actin containing microfilaments in hyalomere ____?

function in the elaboration of filopodia and projections during movement and aggregation.

Front 74

Outer coat of platelets contain what protein and what it's function?

Back 74

Outer coat of platelets contain what protein and what it's function?

Glycosaminoglycan/glycoprotein-rich cell coat outside cell membrane promotes platelet adhesion.

Front 75

What is granulomere?

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What is granulomere?

A central zone of platelet called the granulomere, which contains a variety of granules some mitochondria and glycogen.

Front 76

What are delta granules?

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What are delta granules?

Found in platelets.
Delta granules (Dense bodies) contain calcium ion, and take up and store serotonin from the plasma.

Front 77

What are Alpha granules?

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What are Alpha granules?

Found in platelets.
Alpha granules contain fibrinogen, and platelet derived growth factor.

Attract other stuff to the site of hemorrhage.

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What are Lambda granules ?

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What are Lambda granules ?

Lambda granules contain lysosomal enzymes.

Front 79

List platelets functions:

Back 79

List platelets functions:

• Primary aggregation: stick together at the site of hemorrhage

• Secondary aggregation: sed chemical messagers out.

• Blood coagulation: clot seal permanently

• Clot retraction

• Clot removal