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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
blood components
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RBC, WBC, platelets - formed by red bone marrow
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plasma
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liquid portion of blood
proteins = clotting factors (prothrombin/fibrinogen), albumin (blood volume), globulins (carrier molecules for fat) |
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causes of anemia
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lack of iron, hemoglobin, RBC
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hypoxia stimulates...
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kidneys to secrete erythropoietin = +rate of RBC production
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folic acid/B12
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needed for DNA snythesis to create RBC
B12 = extrinsic (from food); intrinsic factor from parietal cells allows B12 to be absorbed |
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RBC life
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120 days
macrophages in spleen, liver, bone marrow phagocytize iron back to red bone marrow heme to billirubin for elimination (too high = jaundice) |
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RH+
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d antigen is present
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types of WBC
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granular = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (from red bone marrow)
aggranular = lymphocytes/monocytes (red bone marrow to thymus) |
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monocytes
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macrophages
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neutrophils
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phagocytize only pathogens
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eosinophils
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combat effects of histamine
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basophils
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release histamine
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t cells
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WBC
helper, suppressor, killer, memory |
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b cell
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WBC
plasma cells (produce antibodies), memory cells |
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clotting and platelets (from red bone marrow)
platelet plug |
type 1: release serotonin = vasoconstriction
platelet plug in capillaries - stick together to stop bleeding |
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platelets and clotting factors
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type 2: platelet factors +clotting factors + tissue factor+Ca+ = prothrombinse
prothrombinase = prothrombin =>thrombin thrombin = fibrinogen => fibrin clot forms |
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lymph system
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lymph vessels
lymph nodes/nodules spleen thymus functions to return tissue fluid to maintain blood volume |
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lymph nodes
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masses
fixed macrophages = phagocytize foreign materials fixed plasma cells = antibodies |
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lymph nodules
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small masses of lymph tissue found just under epithelium of mucous membranes (resp. digestive, urinary, reproductive)
ex: tonsils |
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spleen
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produces fetal RBC
B-cells and T-cells, also fixed macrophages (pathogens, old RBC) 1/3 of body's platelets |
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thymus
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atrophies with age
t-cells |
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petechiae
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small, purple, hemorrhagic spots
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ecchymoses
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larger areas of discoloration from hemmorhage under the skin
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purpura
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hemorhage into the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs
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blood tests for hematological disorders
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CBC, PT (1.5-2 x for coumadin), INR (2-3x for coumadin), PTT (1.5-2x normal for heparin), thrombin clotting time, aggulination tests
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bone marrow biopsy
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physican takes from sternum, spinous processes of vertebrae, iliac crest
asceptic lidocaine to numb skin/analgesic observe site for bleeding following aspiration |
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lymphangiography
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inject dye into lymphatic vessels of hand or foot (skin, urine, feces blue)
pressure dressing + immoblization monitor for: swelling, circ status, changes in sensation |
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packed red blood cells
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severe anemia or blood loss
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frozen RBC
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autotransfusion, prevention of febrile rx
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platelets
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thrombocytopenia
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albumin
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hypovolemia caused by hypoalbuminemia
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fresh frozen plasma
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clotting factors for bleeding disorders, volume replacement
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safety measure in blood transfusion
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proper identification of blood types
filter = remove harmful particles; also leukocytes/microaggregates washed: remove plasma, -risk of febrile rx; leukocytes, CMV warm = prevent hypothermia |
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administer blood
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18 and 20 gauge needle (prevent hemolyis)
only NS to dilute/flush (prevent clots) 2 hours per unit (limit of 4 hours) |
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febrile rx
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risk goes up with each unit of blood received
Signs: increased shaking, chills, headache, back pain STOP transfusion may restart, give acetaminophen |
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urticarial rx
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minor allergic rx - hives
STOP may restart, give benadryl |
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hemolytic rx
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hemolysis of RBC - incompatible blood
back pain, chest pain, chills, fever, SOB, N/V, doom; shock hypotension, oliguria STOP and stay with patient keep vein open with NS but use new tube |
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anaphylactic rx
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many transfusions/pregnancies
acute - only a few mL of blood will trigger emergency situation |
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circulatory overload
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chest pain, cough, frothy sputum, distended neck veins, crackles/wheezes, tachycardia
STOP, administer diuretics |