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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Erythrocytes
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**Anucleate, biconcave
=large surface area: volume ratio --> easy gas exchange (O2 and CO2) **Membrane contains the chloride-bicarbonate antiport important in the "physiologic chloride shift" =allows the RBC to transport CO2 from the periphery to the lungs for elimination |
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Source of Energy?
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GLUCOSE
=90% aerobically degraded to lactate =10% by HMP shunt **Survival time = 120 days |
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Erythrocytosis
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=polycythemia
=INCREASED number of RBCs |
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Anisocytosis
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varying sizes
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Poikilocytosis
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varying shapes
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Reticulocyte
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=immature erythrocyte
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Leukocytes--Types:
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1) Granulocytes
=basophils =eosinophils =neutrophils 2) Mononuclear Cells =lymphocytes =monocytes **Responsible for defense against infections NORMAL = 4,000 - 10,000 |
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Basophil
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**Mediates allergic reaction
=stains readily w/ BASIC stains |
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Histology:
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**Densely basophilic granules containing:
=Heparin (anticoagulant) =Histamine (vasodilator) =Vasoactive amines =Leukotrienes (LTD-4) |
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Basophilic Stippling is seen in??
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TAIL
=Thalassemias =Anemia of chronic disease =Iron deficiency anemia =Lead poisoning |
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Mast Cell
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**Mediates allergic reactions
DEGRANULATION =releases histamine, heparin, and eosinophil chemotactic factors **Can bind IgE to membrane =i.e. involved in TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS **RESEMBLE basophils structurally/functionally but are NOT the same |
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What can PREVENT mast cell degranulation?
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Cromolyn Sodium
=used to treat asthma |
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Eosinophil
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BILOBATE NUCLEUS
=packed w/ large eosinophilic granules of uniform size |
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Functions:
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1) Defends against HELMINTH and PROTOZOAN infections (=major basic protein)
2) HIGHLY phagocytic for Ag-Ab complexes **Produces HISTAMINASE and ARYLSULFATASE |
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Causes of Eosinophilia:
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NAACP
Neoplastic Asthma Allergic Processes Collagen vascular disease Parasites |
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Neutrophils
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**ACUTE inflammatory response cell
40-50% of ALL WBCs PHAGOCYTIC |
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Histology:
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=MULTIlobed nucleus
=large, spherical azurophilic granules (called lysosomes) that contain: 1) Hydrolytic enzymes 2) Lysozyme 3) Myeloperoxidase 4) Lactoferrin |
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Where do we see hypersegmented neutrophils?
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Vitamin B12/folate deficiency
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Monocyte
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**2-10% of leukocytes
=LARGE =Kidney-shaped nucleus =extensive "frosted glass" cytoplasm **Will differentiate into MACROPHAGES in tissues |
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Macrophage
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**Phagocytoses bacteria, cell debris, and scavenges damaged cells and tissues
LONG LIFE in tissues =recall: differentiate from circulating blood monocytes |
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What are they activated by?
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Gamma-interferon
**Can function as APC via MHCII |
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Lymphocyte
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**ROUND, densely staining nucleus w/ a small amount of pale cytoplasm
=B lymphocytes --> antibodies =T lymphocytes --> cellular immune response + regulate B lymphocytes and macrophages |
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B-Lymphocyte
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**Part of the HUMORAL immune response
=arises from stem cells in the BONE MARROW =migrates to peripheral lymphoid tissues |
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Where are these lymphoid tissues containing B-lymphocytes?
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1) Follicles of lymph nodes
2) White pulp of the spleen 3) Unencapsulated lymphoid tissue |
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What happens when antigen is encountered?
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**When Ag is encountered, B-cells differentiate into PLASMA cells and produce Abs
=they also have MEMORY **Can function as APC via MHCII |
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Cell surface markers?
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CD19
CD20 |
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Plasma Cell
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=off-center nucleus
=clockface chromatin distribution =abundant RER and well-developed Golgi |
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Relationship between B cells and Plasma Cells
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**B-cells differentiate into plasma cells --> produce large amounts of Ab specific to a particular antigen
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T-Lymphocyte
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**Mediates CELLULAR immune response
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Originates?
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**Originates from stem cells in the bone marrow but MATURES in the thymus:
**Differentiates into: 1) Cytotoxic T-cells =MHCI, CD8 2) Helper T-cells =MHCII, CD4 3) Suppressor T Cells |
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Dendritic Cells
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**Professional APCs
=Express MHCII and Fc receptor on surface **Main induces of the primary Ab response **Called Langerhans cells on the skin |
