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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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wastes carried out of systemic circulation?
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CO2, H+, metabolic waste
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preferred veins for blood draw?
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1-median
2-cephalic 3-basillic |
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angle of entry for venipuncture?
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No more than 15-30 degrees, keep shallow
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serum
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plasma minus the clotting factor
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hemoglobin
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-in rbc's
-binds to oxygen -carries H+ ion (buffers blood) -carries some co2 |
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life span of rbc?
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120 days
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granulocytes
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-wbc's
-neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils -cytoplasm contains specific granules |
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life span of granulocytes?
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3-5 days
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platelets (thrombocytes)
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-not true cells, cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
-produced in bone marrow -function in hemostasis -life span=7-10 days |
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non-additive tube colors?
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-yellow-sterile
-blue-acid wasted -red-typical/common |
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order of draw?
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Sterile - yellow
Red - none Light blue - sodium citrate Green - heparin Lavender - EDTA - anti-coag. Gray - oxelate |
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FSP tube?
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-special light blue for special coagulation
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accuracy
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nearness to true value
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precision
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reproducibility - how close together repeat measurements are to each other
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primary standards and secondary standards?
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-primary-reference material of known, fixed composition
-secondary-calibrator |
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critical decision points?
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preferred values, high and low
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CV is what? And allows what?
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coefficient of variation - allows comparison of precision between methods
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normal range =
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mean +/- 2SD of a carefully selected, normal population
-at least 25 individuals |
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SD %'s
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within: 1 SD 68%
2 SD 95% 3 SD 99% |
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R 4s -
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one control above 2SD, one control below 2 SD
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4 1s -
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four consecutive results outside 1 SD
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constant=
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magnitude and direction are consistent
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proportional=
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magnitude increases with concentration
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sensitivity?
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proportion of patients with disease that have a positive test (10/12=83.3%)
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specificity?
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proportion of patients without disease with a negative test (87/88=98.9%)
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external quality control
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monitors accuracy of lab by comparing with other labs with the same equipment
-group value or "true mean" is established |
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number 1 test in hematology?
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CBC - complete blood count
wbc count - platelet count - hematocrit rbc count - hemoglobin |
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how many hours within collection should slides be made?
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2-3 hours
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echinocytes? spherocytes?
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-points
-lost disc shape -happens after 5 hours of collection |
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angle to make blood smear?
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30-45 degrees
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contents of staining?
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-methylene blue and eosin
-methanol acts as a fixative |
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buffer in staining?
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-sodium phosphate (pH 6.4-6.8)
-or aged distilled water |
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methylene blue is ____ and stains acidic (basophilic) cellular components ____.
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-basic
-blue |
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Eosin is ____and stains basic (eosinophilic) cellular components ____.
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-acidic
-red example: hemglobin |
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grainy appearance on smear slide means? holes?
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-rouleaux (blood cells stick together) or agglutination
-increased lipids or dirty slide |
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WBC estimate?
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-40x mag
-count 8-10 fields, average them. -multiply by 2000 for estimate |
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normal range of wbc count? platelet count?
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-4,500-11,500 / microL (4-6/field)
-150,000-450,000 / microL (7-24/field) |
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platelet estimate?
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-oil immersion 100x
-count and average -multiply average by 20,000 |
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normal values of WBC differential
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-segmented Neutrophils - 50-70%
-band Neutrophils 0-5% -Lymphocytes 18-42% -Monocytes 2-11% -Eosinophils 1-3% -Basophils 0-2% |
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hematopoeisis
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the formation, development, and specialization of blood cells
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CSF
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colony stimulating factor
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IL-7 makes?
IL-3 makes? |
-lymphoid stem cells (T and B cells)
-monocyte, granulocyte, eosinophil, |
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phases of hematopoeisis?
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-Mesoblastic (in yolk, ends at 10 weeks)
-Heptic (in liver, begins at 5 weeks, ends at birth) -Medullary or Myeloid (in bone marrow, begins at 5 months gestation) |
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red marrow exclusively until?
yellow marrow when? |
-5-7 years old
-adult |
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macrophage contain ____for hemoglobin synthesis.
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iron
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different organs of hematopeisis?
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-bone marrow
-liver -spleen -thymus |
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what % of platelets are stored in the spleen? why?
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-30%
-waiting for disaster to happen |
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site for maturation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes?
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the thymus
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high co2 environment in bone marrow means what?
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more efficient rbc development
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what cytokines do?
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-stimulate of inhibit: production, differentiation, trafficking.
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erythropoetin (EPO)
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-enhances erythrocyte production
-produced in the kidney in response to hypoxia |
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thrombopoetin (TPO)
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-controls production and release of platelets
-produced in the liver -controls macrophage development |
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younger the cell =
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-larger, more dense, more nucleus, less cytoplasm.
-darker blue cytoplasm |
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erythropoetin actions...
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-speeds up rate of division and maturation
-increases the rate of the pentose-phosphate shunt -stimulates early release of reticulocytes -increase rate of hemoglobin synthesis |
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apoptosis
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natural process to prevent overgrowth of any tissue
-fas-fasL initiate death process |
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for erythrocyte, K+ is ____ and Na+ is _____.
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intracellular - 25:1
extracellular - 1:12 |
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reticuloendothelial system
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-composed of monocytes and macrophages located in reticular connective tissue.
-spleen, liver, and bm |
