Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What blood cell?
Bilobed nucleus |
Basophils & eosinophils
|
|
What blood cell?
Involved in type I hypersensitivity |
Mast cell
|
|
What blood cell?
Important in defense against helminths & protozoans |
Eosinophil
Uses Major basic protein |
|
What blood cell?
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte |
Mainly describes Neutrophils
Also technically includes basophils & eosinophils |
|
What blood cell?
Kidney shaped nucleus |
Monocyte
|
|
What blood cell?
"Frosted glass" cytoplasm |
Monocyte
|
|
What blood cell?
Cell markers are CD19 & CD20 |
B lymphocyte
|
|
What blood cell?
Cell markers are CD3 & CD4 |
T helper cell
|
|
What blood cell?
Cell markers are CD3 & CD8 |
Cytotoxic T cell
|
|
What blood cell?
Clock face chromatin distribution |
Plasma cell
|
|
What blood cell?
Professional APC's |
Dendritic cell
|
|
What blood cell?
Specialized dendritic cell in the skin |
Langerhans cell
|
|
What factors make up the intrinsic pathway?
|
XII▶XI▶IX▶X(Common pathway)
|
|
What factors make up the extrinsic pathway?
|
Tissue factor & VII ▶ X(Common pathway)
|
|
What factors make up the common pathway?
|
X converts prothrombin to thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which is then cross linked by XIII
|
|
What is factor III more commonly known as?
|
Tissue factor
|
|
What is factor II more commonly known as?
|
Prothrombin
|
|
What is factor I more commonly known as?
|
Fibrinogen
|
|
What factor increases the speed of factor IX activation of factor X?
|
Factor VIII
|
|
What actions does Thrombin perform?
|
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Activates factors V, VIII, XI & XIII |
|
What factor increases the speed of factor X conversion of prothrombin to thrombin?
|
Factor V
|
|
What factor cross links the fibrin clot?
|
Factor XIII
|
|
What conversions require Calcium?
|
Activation of factor IX, factor X, factor XIII, Prothrombin & Fibrinogen
|
|
What do Proteins C & S do?
|
Inactivate factors V & VIII
|
|
What does antithrombin III do?
|
Inactivates thrombin, IX, X & XI
|
|
What does tPA do?
|
Generates Plasmin, which cleaves fibrin
|
|
What is factor XII more commonly known as?
|
Hageman factor
|
|
What are the Vitamin K dependent factors?
|
II(Prothrombin), VII, IX & X
|
|
How does Heparin work?
|
Binding & activation of antithrombin III
|
|
This RBC form indicates?
Spherocyte |
Hereditary spherocytosis, autoimmune hemolysis
|
|
This RBC form indicates?
Elliptocyte |
Hereditary elliptocytosis
|
|
This RBC form indicates?
Macro-ovalocyte |
Megaloblastic anemia, marrow failure
|
|
This RBC form indicates?
Helmet cell |
DIC, traumatic hemolysis
|
|
This RBC form indicates?
Schistocyte |
DIC, traumatic hemolysis
|
|
This RBC form indicates?
Teardrop cell |
Myeloid metaplasia w/ myelofibrosis
|
|
This RBC form indicates?
Acanthocyte |
Spiny appearance in abetalipoproteinemia
|
|
This RBC form indicates?
Target cell |
HbC disease, Asplenia, Liver disease, Thalassemia
|
|
This RBC form indicates?
Poikilocyte |
Nonuniform shapes in TTP/HUS, microvascular damage, DIC
|
|
This RBC form indicates?
Burr cell |
TTP/HUS
|
|
When do you see basophilic stippling?
|
Thalassemias, Anemia of chronic disease, Iron deficiency anemia & Lead poisoning
|
|
What type of anemia?
Iron deficiency |
Microcytic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
Thalassemias |
Microcytic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
Lead poisoning |
Microcytic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
Sideroblastic anemia |
Microcytic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
Anemia of chronic disease |
Microcytic anemia or Normocytic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
Hemolytic anemia |
Normocytic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
Acute hemorrhage |
Normocytic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
Renal disease |
Normocytic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
Bone marrow disorders |
Normocytic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
G6PD deficiency |
Normocytic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
Sickle cell anemia |
Normocytic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
B12 deficiency |
Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
Folate deficiency |
Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
Liver disease |
Macrocytic non-megaloblastic anemia
|
|
What type of anemia?
Myelodysplasia |
Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia
|
|
What viruses can cause aplastic anemia?
|
Parvovirus B19, EBV, HIV
|
|
What environmental exposures/drugs can cause aplastic anemia?
|
Radiation, benzene, chloramphenicol, alkylating agents, antimetabolites
|
|
What mutation has occured in sickle cell anemia?
|
Single amino acid replacement in beta chain
|
|
What mutation has occured in alpha-thalassemia?
|
Deletion of the alpha globin gene; There are 4 genes and the severity depends on the number of genes deleted
|
|
What mutation has occured in beta-thalassemia?
|
Point mutation causing decreased/no expression of the beta globin gene
|
|
What is HbH?
|
Hemoglobin that is a tetramer of beta globin chains; seen in alpha-thalassemia w/ 3/4 genes deleted
Causes Heinz bodies |
|
What is HbBarts?
|
Hemoglobin that is a tetramer of gamma globin chains; seen in alpha-thalassemia w/ 4/4 genes deleted
|
|
What is HbC?
|
The mutated form of alpha-2/beta-2 hemoglobin seen in a milder form of sickle cell anemia
|
|
What is HbS
|
The mutated form of alpha-2/beta-2 hemoglobin seen in sickle cell anemia
|
|
What is a warm agglutinin?
|
IgG autoantibody that causes anemia
|
|
What is a cold agglutinin?
|
IgM autoantibody that causes anemia
|
|
What causes warm agglutinins?
|
SLE, CLL, certain drugs(e.g. alpha-methyldopa)
|
|
What causes cold agglutinins?
|
Mycoplasma pneumoniae or infectious mononucleosis
|
|
What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
|
When mother's antibodies attack fetal RBC's due to Rh or other blood antigen incompatibility
|
|
What defect causes spherocytosis?
|
Defect in spectrin or ankyrin
|
|
How is hereditary spherocytosis confirmed?
|
Osmotic fragility test
|
|
What is a direct Coombs' test?
|
anti-Ig Ab is added to patient's RBC's to see if Ig's are attached to RBC's
|
|
What is an indirect Coombs' test?
|
Normal RBC's are added to patient's serum to determine if anti-RBC surface Ig's are present in the serum
|
|
Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into what?
|
Either Mixed myeloid progenitor cells OR Lymphoid stem cells
|
|
What is made by the Mixed myeloid stem cells?
|
Basophils, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Erythrocytes & Megakaryocytes/platelets
|
|
What is made by the Lymphoid stem cells cells?
|
NK cells and B/T lymphocytes
|
|
What is the growth factor for Neutrophils
|
G-CSF
|
|
What is the growth factor for Monocytes?
|
M-CSF
|
|
What is the growth factor for Eosinophils?
|
IL-5
|
|
What is the growth factor for Erythrocytes?
|
IL-3 and Erythropoietin
|
|
What is the growth factor for Megakaryocytes?
|
Thrombopoietin
|
|
What is the growth factor for T Cells?
|
IL-7
|
|
What is the growth factor for B cells?
|
IL-7
|
|
GPIa/IIa
|
Receptor that allows platelets to bind to collagen
|
|
GPIb/IX
|
Binds platelets to vWF multimers
|
|
GPIIb/IIIa
|
Binds platelets to collagen, fibrinogen and vWF multimers
|
|
Bernard Soulier Syndrome
|
Deficiency of GPIb/IX/V
Triad of large platelets, moderate thrombocytopenia and a prolonged bleeding time Autosomal recessive |
|
Glanzmann’s disease
|
Deficiency of GPIIB/IIIa
Autosomal recessive |
|
Type 1 Von Willebrand disease
|
↓ quantity of vWF
|
|
Type 2 Von Willebrand disease
|
Qualitative defect of vWF
|
|
Type 3 Von Willebrand disease
|
Absent vWF
|
|
Genetics of Von Willebrand disease
|
Mostly autosomal dominant, but rarely autosomal recessive
Coded on chrom 12 |
|
Hemophilia A
|
a.k.a. Classic Hemophilia
Factor VIII deficiency Platelets <30% of normal |
|
Hemophilia B
|
a.k.a. Christmas Disease
Factor IX deficiency Platelets <1% of normal |
|
Cyclic Neutropenia
|
defect in neutrophil elastase
|
|
Severe Congenital Neutropenia
|
a.k.a. Kostmann Disease
defect in neutrophil elastase (more severe defect than in Cyclic Neutropenia) |
|
Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
|
Classic Triad: Neutropenia, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and skeletal abnormalities
↑ apoptosis of bone marrow cells via Fas(pro-apoptotic) |
|
Myelokathexis
|
↑ apoptosis of neutrophils via bcl-x (anti-apoptotic that gets down regulated
|
|
Reticular Dysgenesis
|
Failure of stem cell committed to myeloid and lymphoid development
|
|
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type I (LAD I)
|
Defect in CD18 (beta subunit) of mac-1; defect in adhesion and ingestion
Auto. Recessive |
|
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
|
Mutant lysosomal trafficking protein (CHS or LYST) leads to ↓ transfer of lysosomal enzymes to phagocytic vacuoles; defect in chemotaxis and degranulation
Auto. Recessive |
|
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
|
Functional defect in oxidative metabolism (no respiratory burst)
Susceptibility for catalase-positive organisms 2/3 X-link; 1/3 Auto Recess |
|
Disease a/w Burkholderia and Serratia infections
|
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
|
|
Test for Chronic Granulomatous Disease
|
Nitro Blue Tetrazolium Test
Will be negative in CGD |
|
This RBC form indicates?
Pencil cell |
Iron deficiency
Uncommon manifestation |
|
This RBC form indicates?
Basket cell |
Oxidative damage (G6PD deficiency); unstable hemoglobin
|
|
Diamond-Blackfan
|
Congenital red cell aplasia
Intrinsic defect of erythroid progenitor cells Autosomal dominant |
|
Drugs that can cause red blood cell aplasia
|
Chloramphenicol, Chemotherapy drugs, Benzene
|
|
Infectious causes of red blood cell aplasia
|
Parvovirus B19; Transient Erythroblastopenia of childhood (Catch all for all non-parvo viruses causes)
|
|
What molecule becomes built up if you are deficient of folate?
|
Homocysteine(converted to methionine by methyl THF)
|
|
Where is B12 absorbed?
|
Distal ileum
|
|
What molecule becomes built up if you are deficient of B12?
|
Methylmalonic acid
|
|
What causes Sideroblastic anemia?
|
ALA synthase deficiency; leads to diminished production of protoporphyrin rings which leads to diminished heme
|
|
What enzymes does lead poisoning inhibit?
|
ALA dehydratase, Ferrochelatase, Pyrimidine-5’nucleotidase
|
|
What is haptoglobin?
|
Molecule that binds to free Hgb to remove it from the blood upon lysis or RBC's
↓ in intravascular hemolysis |
|
Where is the Alpha globin gene?
|
Chrom 16; 2 copies on each chromosome
|
|
Where are Beta, delta & gamma globulin genes?
|
Chrom 11; 1 copy on each chromosome
|
|
When does HbA become the predominant form of Hgb instead of HbF
|
By age 3-6 months
|
|
Sickle cell patients are susceptible to what infections?
|
Encapsulated organisms
Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, and Neisseria meningitides |
|
What causes aplastic crisis in sickle cell patients?
|
Parvovirus B19
Causes bone marrow to stop production of RBC's Since RBC life span is shortened in sickle cell, pt ends up w/ no RBC's |
|
Why do you give Hydroxyurea to sickle cell patients?
|
Increases concentraion of fetal Hgb
|
|
Usual mutation in alpha-thalassemia
|
Deletions
|
|
Usual mutation in beta-thalassemia
|
Point mutations (usually in promoter area)
|
|
Most common form of thalassemia in Southeast Asia
|
Alpha Thalassemia
|
|
Most common form of thalassemia in Mediterranean regions and in the US
|
Beta Thalassemia
|
|
Glucose–6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
|
X-linked recess(point muta.)
Anemia from RBC inability to respond to oxidative stress |
|
What is a heinz body?
|
Intracellular inclusions of denatured hemoglobin
a/w thalassemias, sickle cell, G6PD, splenectomy |
|
What sets off a G6PD deficiency?
|
Infections, Drugs(sulfa's & anti-malarials are most common ones), Fava beans, moth balls(naphthalene)
|
|
Hereditary Spherocytosis
|
Defect of RBC membrane skeletal protein(spectrin, ankyrin or pallidin)
autosomal dominant |
|
What kind of hemolysis do you get w/ IgG autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
|
Extravascular hemolysis
|
|
What kind of hemolysis do you get w/ IgM autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
|
Intravascular hemolysis
|
|
What Ig is involved in Hemolytic disease of the newborns?
|
IgG
|