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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Leukopenia.
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Leukopenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of circulating leukocytes
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Define anemia.
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Anemia: Hemoglobin concentrations below the normal concentration in the blood, which results in diminished oxygen-carrying capacity.
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Define Anisocytosis.
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Anisocytosis is the presence of erythrocytes with excessive variation in volume in the blood.
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Define Hypochromia.
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Hypochromia is an abnormal decrease in hemoglobin content of RBCs resulting in pale erythrocytes in a blood smear when stained with Wright Stain.
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Define Leukocytosis.
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Leukocytosis: An abnormal increase in the number of circulating leukocytes.
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Define Normochromic.
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Normochromic: Erythrocytes in a blood smear having normal color due to normal content of hemoglobin in cells (after staining with Wright Stain).
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Define Poikilocytosis.
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Poikilocytosis is an abnormal variation in shape of RBC's in the blood.
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What do Normocytic Red blood Cells look like?
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Normocytic red blood cells are cells of average volume, that are normal and mature.
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Define Polychromasia.
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Polychromasia is a variation in the hemoglobin content of erythrocytes, resulting in a variation of color in the RBCs on the stained slide.
A slight degree of polychromasia is normal. Increases in polychromasia suggest an increased bone marrow response. |
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What does R.D.W. stand for and what is it?
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R.D.W. stands for Red Blood Cell Distribution Width, it shows the variation in RBC size and volume.
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What is seen in a case of Thrombocytopenia?
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Thrombocytopenia is an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets seen in a peripheral blood smear compared to the normal reference values.
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The suffix of "-cytosis" means:
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"-cytosis" is a suffix referring to cells (ex. anisocytosis) or an increase in cells (ex. Leukocytosis).
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The suffix of "-penia" means:
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"-penia" is a suffix referring to decrease in cells compared to normal.
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Define Thrombocytosis.
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Thrombocytosis is a platelet count above the upper limit of the normal reference range in the blood.
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What does the suffix of "-emia" indicate?
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"-emia" is a suffix referring to blood or a substance in the blood.
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Describe what is seen on a blood smear in a case of Microcytosis.
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Microcytosis refers to Red blood cells in the blood that are abnormally small.
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Define Spherocytosis.
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Spherocytosis refers to abnormal erythrocytes that have a higher-than-normal concentration of hemoglobin by virtue of a spherocytic shape. These cells are dense cells lacking central pallor and may be microcytic.
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What are the reference values of hemoglobin in adults (male and female) and newborns?
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Female: 37-47%
Male: 42-52% Newborns: 53-65% |
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Define Macrocytosis.
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Macrocytosis refers to mature erythrocytes in the blood that are abnormally large.
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What is another name for a teardrop cell? Describe Tear Drop Cells morphology and the cause of them as they are seen in a blood smear.
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Tear Drop Cells are also known as Dacryocytes. They are RBCs with a Unipolar tapered end with BLUNT tip. These RBC's are seen when they are "squeezed through" out of the bone marrow.
This is usually seen in anemias and ineffective erythropoiesis. |
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What is another term for Target Cells? Describe the morphology of these cells.
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Target Cells are also called codocytes. They are cells with a dark hemoglobinized region in the central pallor of the RBC.
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Describe the morphology of Ovalocytes and the cause.
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Ovalocytes are elongated red blood cells with round ends.
This is a condition either hereditary or acquired. |
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Define Plasma.
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Plasma is the fluid portion of circulating anti-coagulated blood in which the formed elements (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets) are suspended.
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Describe the morphology of Stomatocytes.
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Stomatocytes are an abnormal mature RBC with a slitlike area of central pallor resembling a mouth.
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What is another term for sickle cells? Describe the morphology of Sickle Cells and the cause.
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Sickle Cells are also known as drepanocytes. These cells are crescent shaped with pointed ends. This is found in patients with hemoglobin S (sickle cell trait- either heterozygous or homozygous). The cause is a genetic change to the molecular structure of hemoglobin which causes polymerization of the red blood cells in deoxy conditions.
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Describe the morphology of Acanthocytes.
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Acanthocytes are RBCs with irregular projections on the red cell membrane. (As opposed to the uniform projections on echinocytes)
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What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
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EPO is a glycoprotein hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream in response to anoxia. The hormone acts to stimulate and regulate the production of erythrocytes.
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What are Colony stimulating factors?
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Colony stimulating factors are cytokines that promote the division and sometimes differentiation of immature blood cells.
Stimulates proliferation of granulocyte progenitors, but also works with interleukins to enhance megakaryocyte colony formation. |
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What are interleukins?
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Interleukins are groups of compounds that are synthesized by lymphocytes, macrophages, and support tissue cells in the marrow. These compounds stimulate or influence maturation of blood cells.
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Define Serum.
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Serum is the protein rich liquid that is separated out of whole blood after coagulation.
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Name the 5 things that must be labeled on a specimen when collected.
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Full name, I.D. Number, Date, Time, Phlebotomist Initials
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What is a microhematocrit?
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A microhematocrit is the use of a capillary tube to find the volume of packed RBCs that occupy a given volume of whole blood. (Found as either a percentage or in L/L)
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What are the procedural (external) factors which may affect Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate?
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1. Concentration of anticoagulant
2. Type of Anti-coagulant 3. Room Temperature 4. Tilt of tube 5. Timing (60 minutes) 6. Bubbles 7. Need to start at zero 8. No clotting |
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What is the purpose of an Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate?
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To look for and monitor inflammatory disease.
It is nonspecific. |
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How do you perform a normal hemoglobin determination?
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Add whole blood to a potassium cyanide and potassium ferricyanide (Drabkin's reagent) solution. The ferricyanide oxidizes the iron of hemoglobin from the 2+ state to the 3+ state, which forms methemoglobin. This combines with cyanide and forms cyanmethemoglobin which can be measured spectrophotometrically at 540 nm.
Absobancy is proportional to the concentration of Hemoglobin(g/dL). Compare the unknown to the standard curve. |
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Describe the principle of cyanmethemoglobin reaction in a normal hemoglobin determination.
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Once the iron is oxidized from the 2+ state to the 3+ state it forms methemoglobin. This combines with cyanide to make a stable pigment, which can detect the concentration of hemoglobin spectrophotometrically.
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What are the reference values for WBCs?
Include the effect of age and sex on each value (if any)). |
Adult: 4.8-10.8*10^3 cells/microliter
Newborn:9-30*10^9 cells/L |
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What are the reference values for Erythrocytes?
Include the effect of age and sex on each value (if any)). |
Male: 4.7*10^6 cells/microliter
Female: 4.2-5.4*10^6 cells/microliter Newborn/children: 5-6*10^12/L ---Lower than adult (adult values by age 14) |
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What are the reference values for thrombocytes?
Include the effect of age and sex on each value (if any)). |
Adult: 150-450*10^3 cells/microliter
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Describe the mode of action of EDTA.
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EDTAs (Na2 or K2) mode of action is that is chelates Ca2+.
This prevents platelets from clumping and causes minimum morphological changes in WBCs. (Tubes must be at least half full) |
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Describe the mode of action of Sodium Citrate.
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Sodium Citrate is the light blue stopper tube. It's mode of action is that it binds Ca2+.
This preserves labile clotting factors. (Tubes must be filled completely) |
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Describe the mode of action of Heparin.
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Heparin (Na, Li, or NH4) has a Green color stopper. It's mode of action is that it neutralizes thrombin.
Not satisfactory for differentials but is the best anticoagulant for prevention of hemolysis. |
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What are the three phases/periods of normal Hematopoeisis in order from embryo to adulthood? What are the sites in the body of each period?
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Mesoblastic- Blood islands of yolk sac
Hepatic- Liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes Myeloid/Medullary- Bone marrow |
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What is the primary site of RBC production until the sixth month of life? What site takes over after that time?
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The liver is the primary site of RBC production until the sixth month of life. Then the bone marrow becomes the main site of RBC production.
(If the bone marrow cannot keep up with the demand in adulthood, the liver can be reactivated to produce RBCs) |
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What is MCV and what does it stand for?
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MCV =Mean Corpuscular Volume
The average volume of the RBC |
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What is MCH and what does it stand for?
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MCH= Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin
The average weight of hemoglobin in the average RBC. |
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What is MCHC and what does it stand for?
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MCHC= Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
Average concentration of hemoglobin per unit volume of RBCs. |
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What is the formula for the MCV index?
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MCV=(HCT(%)*10)/(RBC's(*10^12/L))
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What is the Reference Ranges for MCV?
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Male: 80-94 fL
Female: 81-99 fL |
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What is the formula for MCH?
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MCH= (Hgb (g/dL)* 10)/ (RBC(*10^12/L))
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What is the reference range for MCH?
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Adult: 27-31 pg
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What is the formula for the MCHC index?
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MCHC= (Hgb (g/dL)*100)/ HCT (%)
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What is the reference range for the index of MCHC?
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32-36 g/dL
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Would RBCs with an MCV of greater than 100 appear macrocytic or microcytic?
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Macrocytic.
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What kind of RBC would be seen in a MCHC index of less than 32?
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Hypochromic cell (area of central pallor will be increased in size)
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Describe the morphology of normal red blood cells.
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Normal RBCs are anucleate biconcave cells filled with hemoglobin (reddish protein). They are 6-8 microliters in diameter with a light colored central pallor covering one third of the center.
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What is a RBC characteristic of iron deficiency?
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Microcytic, Hypochromic RBCs
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