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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells give rise to?
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the give rise to the myeloid and lymphoid cells. origin in BM
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What is CFU-GEMM?
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Colony forming unit- granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes. Form everything but lymphocytes.
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What is a pronormoblast?
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first morphologically recognized cell in RBC series.
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What is a myeloblast?
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first morphologically recognized cell in myeloid series (neutrophil, monocytes, eosinophil, basophil)
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What is erythropoietin? What makes it and in response to what? What does it do?
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EPO is produced by the kidneys in response to tissue hypoxia. It stimulates RBC differentiation from stem cells.
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What is the cytokine that stimulates production of neutrophils and monocytes?
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G-CSF (granulocyte- colony stimulating factor) and GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor).
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What cytokine regulates platelet production?
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Thrombopoietin.
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What happens to the cells or erythropoiesis as they go from pronormoblast to a mature RBC?
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Cells shrink, nucleus shrinks, chromosome condenses, nucleus and mitochondria are expelled, cell becomes less blue and more red. Process takes 5-6 days
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What is a normal level reticulocytes in the blood?
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about 1%. RBCs live for 120 days in the blood.
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How long dos granulopoiesis take and how long do the granulocytes live in the blood?
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granulopoiesis takes 5-7 days and granulocytes live in the blood ~6 hours.
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What are monocytes? What can they differentiate into?
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Monocytes are the circulating macrophages. Once in the tissue they differentiate into macrophages (histiocytes) or giant cells.
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What is the hematocrit? How can it be calculated?
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the percentage of blood volume made up by RBCs. It is equal to the MCV times the RBC
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What is the MCV?
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mean cell volume- average size of RBC. equal to HCT/RBC. typically directly measured
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What is the MCH?
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mean cell hemoglobin- mean hemoglobin content of RBC. equal to Hb/RBC. typically directly measured.
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What is the MCHC?
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mean cell hemoglobin concentration- mean Hb concentration in RBC expressed as a percent. equal to Hb/HCT. elevated for spherocytes.
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What is a reticulocyte?
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these are red cells recently released from the BM which are still rich in polyribosomes. Not all the Hb has been produced yet. It is an indication of the rate of RBC production.
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What is active and inactive bone marrow called?
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active marrow is called red marrow, inactive marrow is fatty and called yellow marrow.
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What is the definition of anemia?
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decrease of the red cell count, hematocrit or hemoglobin below the limits observed for healthy individuals of that community (altitude specific).
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What is the term for increase in the red cell count above the normal limits?
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erythrocytosis, also sometimes called polycythemia. May be due to altitude or some other malignancy (e.g. tumor).
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What is the definition of leukemia?
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heterogeneous group of bone and blood neoplasms. cell differentiation has been impaired. the leukemic cells exist in the bone marrow and eventually replace the normal cells causing neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia.
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What is a myeloid leukemia?
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leukemia that is composed of more than one cell line (erythroid, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and megakryocytes).
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What is a lymphoid leukemia?
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leukemia that is a neoplastic proliferation of bone marrow lymphocytes.
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What is a lymphoma?
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neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes that originate in extra-medullary sites (e.g lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid tissue).
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What is the leukemic phase of a lymphoma?
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lymphoma has disseminated into the bone marrow and peripheral blood.
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What is an acute leukemia?
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neoplastic cells show little or no differentiation: they are blast cells. cause death in less than 6 months if not treated
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What is a chronic leukemia?
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neoplastic cells show differentiation to stages more mature than a blast cell. death will be after a year or more if not treated.
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