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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Agranulocytosis
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Acute condition causing a severe reduction in the number of granulocytes. ( basophils, eosinophils, & neutrophils)
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Apheresis
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Removal of unwanted blood components
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Autologous
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From the same organism,
( person) |
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Bands
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Immature neutrophils
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Blastic Phase
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Intensified phase of leukemia that resembles an acute phase in which there is an increased production of white blood cells
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Erythrocytapheresis
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Production that removes abnormal red blood cells and replace them with healthy ones
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Fibrinolysis
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Process of breaking fibrin apart
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Hemarthrosis
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Bleeding in the joints
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Hematocrit
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Percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of blood
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Hematopoiesis
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Process of blood cell production and development
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Hemolysis
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Breakdown of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin
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Hyperuricemia
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Increased uric acid blood level
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Idiopathic
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Occurring without a known cause
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Leukocytosis
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Increased number of white blood cell
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Leukopenia
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Decreased number of white blood cells
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Lymphoma
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Tumor of the lymphatic system
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Phlebotomy
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Removal of blood from a vein
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Purpura
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Reddish-purple patches on the skin indicative of hemorrhage
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Reticulocyte
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Immature red blood cell
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Sickle
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When red blood cells become crescent-shaped and elongated
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Thrombocytopenia
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Decrease in the number of platelets in the blood
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Normal Lab Values
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Platelets 150,000-400,000
RBC (m) 4.7-6.1 (f) 4.2-5.4 WBC 5,000-10,000 HCT (m) 42-52 (f) 37-47 HGB (m) 14-18 (f) 12-16 Neutrophils 55%-70% Eosinophils 1%-4% Basophils 0%-2% Monocytes 2%-8% Lymphocytes 20%-40% Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) 60-70 Heparin Bleeding Time 1-8 minutes Prothrombin Time (PT) 11-12.5 seconds Activated partial Thromboplastin time 30-40 seconds |
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What is the function of the Lymph System
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Are assisting with immunity, controlling edema, and absorbing digested fats
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What is the function of the Red Blood Cells
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The most important function of the red blood cell is the transport of oxygen
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What is the function of the white blood cell
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To defend the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders
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What is the function of the platelets
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The principal function of the platelets is to prevent bleeding
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What is the function of the Spleen
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The spleen play's multiple supporting roles in the body.
It acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets, white blood cells are stored there |
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Blood Types
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Universal Donor is : O
Universal recipients: A &B Type A Type B |
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The ABO system
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In the ABO blood system there are two possible red blood cell markers A & B
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The type A blood
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A person with an A marker
Type A blood produces anti- B antibodies that will attack type B blood |
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The type B blood
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Type B a person with a B marker . Type B blood produces anti- A antibodies that will attack type A blood
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Type AB (universal recipient)
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Does not contain any antibodies therefore, type AB blood will not attack any other blood type
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Type O blood
(universal Donor) |
Contains no markers
Contains both anti- A and anti- B antibodies for this reason type O can give blood to any type |
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What is a RH factor
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The presence or lack of, antigens on the surface of red blood cells
That may cause a reaction between the blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fetal anemia |
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Hemophilia
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A group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which there is a defect in clotting factors necessary for blood clotting
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What are Platelets
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Thrombocytes: cell fragments in the blood, essential for clotting
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What is a Blood Transfusion
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Is given to replace needed blood components because of
Hemorrhage Anemia Clotting Disorders Blood Deficiencies |
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What are Transfusable Blood Products
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Whole Blood
Packed Red Cells Platelets Fresh/Frozen Plasma |
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What are the blood products given for
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Whole Blood is given to increase blood volume
Packed Red Cells are given for Anemia Platelets assist in controlling bleeding Fresh/Frozen Plasma is administered for clotting disorders |
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Blood transfusion administration
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Before blood products are given, the labs does a type and crossmatch to check compatibility between the donors blood type and RH factor and the clients blood type and RH factor
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When administering blood transfusion
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Handle blood gently
Administer blood within 30 minutes Take base line VS Once started 15-30 minutes checks Hourly BP 18-19 gauge Two nurse check before you hang blood Nothing goes with blood by NS Trash within 4 hours |
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Autologous Transfusion
(From self) |
Blood is collected from client and saved. So it maybe used if needed
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Jehovah Witnesses and blood
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Many Jehovah witnesses agree to autologous blood transfusions.
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Is the most common type of anemia and occurs when the body does not have enough iron to synthesize functional Hgb
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What is the causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Dietary Deficiency
Blood Loss Women with heavy menstrual Slow chronic blood loss from peptic ulcer Kidney or bladder tumor Colon Polyps Colorectal cancers |
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Iron deficiency anemia symptoms
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Fatigue
Palpation Tachycardia Exertional Dyspnea Weakness Pallor |
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Signs of iron deficiency anemia
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Chronic anemia may have pica
Stomatitis Glossitis Brittle Hair |
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Iron deficiency anemia treatment
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Ferrous sulfate given with orange juice (ferrosilicon)
Iron Dextran (InFeD) intramuscular injection |
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Iron deficiency anemia diet
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Red meat
Fish Raisins Apricots Dried fruits Dark green vegetables Dried beans Eggs Iron enriched whole-grain breads Small frequent snacks |
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Iron deficiency anemia
Activity |
Space daily activities to provide rest periods between times of exercise
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What is Aplastic Anemia
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Deficiency of all types of blood cells caused by failure of bone marrow development
Anemia has pancytopenia A decrease in the number of RBC and WBC and platelets (Unknown cause) |
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Aplastic Anemia Symptoms
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Fatigue
Weakness Palpitations Headache Fever Mouth Ulcers Petechiae Gingival Bleeding Epistaxis |
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Treatment for Aplastic Anemia
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Remove if possible, immunosuppressive therapy with antithymocyte globulin or ATG (Atgam) and cyclosporine is given to suppress
A bone marrow transplant if client fails to respond to the above treatment |
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Aplastic Anemia Pharmacological
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Infections are treated with antibiotics
Steroids Androgens To stimulate bone marrow |
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What is Pernicious Anemia
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Is a autoimmune diseases in which the parietal cells are destroyed and the gastric mucosa atrophies
Without vitamin B 12 cannot be absorbed |
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Signs/Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia
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Neurological changes
Paresthesia Numbness Symptoms include Extreme weakness Sore Tongue Edema of legs Ataxia Dizziness Dyspnea Headache Fever Blurred vision Tinnitus Jaundice with pallor Poor Memory Irritability Loss of bladder and bowel control |
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Pernicious anemia
Treatment |
Vitamin B12 oral or IM
Dietary folic acid Green leafy vegetables Meat Fish Legumes Whole grains |
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What is acquired hemolytic anemia
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Autoimmune reaction radiation blood transfusion chemicals, arsenic, lead, or medications
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Acquired Hemolytic Anemia medical-surgical management
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Clients are given blood transfusions or Erythrocytapheresis
A splenectomy is preformed in attempt to stop the destruction of RBC |
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Pharmaceutical for Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
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Corticosteroids
Folic acid |
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What is Polycythemia
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Is a disease which the RBC and WBC increase in production of cells and platelets increase blood volume and viscosity and decreases the ability to move freely
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Polycythemia signs and symptoms
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Headache
Dizziness Tinnitus Blurred vision Fatigue Weakness Pruritus Exertional Dyspnea Angina Increased blood pressure and pulse Cheeks flushed |
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Polycythemia medical-surgical management
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Phlebotomy the removal of blood from a vein 350-500 ml
Low-dose aspirin Hydroxyurea ( hydrea) |
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What is Leukemia
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A malignancy of blood forming tissues which the bone marrow produces increased number of immature white blood cells incapable protecting the body from infection increased WBC and decreased RBC and platelets
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Acute Leukemia increased production
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Are fighting persistent infections
Have fever and chills |
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The decrease number of RBC cause symptoms of anemia such as
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Fatigue
Pallor Malaise Tachypena Tachycardia |
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Decrease platelets production causes
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Bleeding tendencies
Petechiae Bruising Epistaxis Melena Gingivitis bleeding Increased menstrual bleeding |
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Acute Anemia
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Has a rapid onset and must be treated quickly for a good prognosis
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Diagnosis of Acute leukemia
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Confirmed with a CBC and a bone marrow biopsy
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Pharmacological
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Initial dose of chemotherapy called induction dose
Small doses are given every 3-4 weeks to maintain remission is called maintenances therapy |
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Diet
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Avoid extremely hot/cold food or drink as well as alcohol
A bland high protein High carbohydrates |
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Multiple Myeloma
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Occurring in men older than 65
Plasma cells mainly in bone marrow become malignant, Crowed out normal production of cells Destroy bone tissue Cause pain Production of antibodies is changed, susceptible to infection |
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Signs/ Symptoms
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Bone pain in ribs, spine, and pelvis
Long bone aches Joints are swollen and tender Low-grade fever General malaise Tires easy Weakness from anemia Weakened bones Fractures |
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Diagnosis
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Bone marrow biopsy
Showing large numbers of immature plasma cells X Ray showing demineralization and osteoporosis Bench Jones protein in urine Hypercalcemia Hyperuricemia Anemia Hypercalciuria |
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Medical
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Not curable
Chemotherapy Autogous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation |
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Surgical
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A laminecitomy
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Pharmaceutical
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Steroids
Prednisone Dexamerhasone Along with antineoplastic drugs |
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Client teaching
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Drink 3-4 L of fluids per day
Exercise to decrease bone demineralization Monitor for symptoms of hypercalcemia |
