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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Start of Hellenic History |
Begins in 776 BC starts with first Olympics |
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Founding Colonies |
Started in late 700s; eight century The oecist (leader of the colonists) would take fire from the hearth of mother-city (metropolis) Use it to start a fire in new city's hearth Colony was independent city-state First colony Cumae in Italy |
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Colony in Sicily |
Most important colony in Sicily was Syracuse Later the largest city in Greek World Founded by Corinth 734 BC |
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Spartan Colony |
707 BC Spartans (Dorian group) founded their only colony at Taras (Tarentum) |
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Sparta Background |
Lycurgus made Spartan constitution in 885 BC Sparta was a city in the Peloponnesus Relatively small population Also known as Lacedaemon |
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Spartans vs. Messenians |
During late eighth century Spartans made war on neighboring city Messenia Legendary Messenian hero Aristodemus sacrificed his daughter to save city Actions failed, though Messenians outnumbered Spartans (10:1) Messenians were subjugated and forced to become helots Fear of helot riots led Spartans to devote culture to war |
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Government around Greece |
Aristocratic gov't- oppressed common people Discontent in many Greek city-states Tyrants overthrew Tyranny is rule without democratic representation Tyrants usually popular |
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Corinth |
Dorian city just outside Pelponnesus Ruled by Bacchiads, aristocratic family, after fall of monarchy Cypselus- name means 'chest' b/c hidden in a chest/jar as a child to escape the Bacchiads who heard a prophesy he would overthrow them Cypselus overthrew Bacchiads and became tyrant- 650 BC Promoted colonization and trade -succeeded by son Periander- 620 BC Reached greatest prosperity and power Dominant naval and commercial power in Greece |
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Theagenes |
Became tyrant of Megara 640 BC |
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Thrasybulus |
Became tyrant of Miletus 610 BC |
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Pheidon |
Tyrant of Argos when they defeated Spartans at battle of Hysiae 669 BC Argos was dominant power in Pelponnesus Introduced system of weights and measures Was king, but used royal powers to become tyrant |
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Corcyra |
Colony of Corinth Corcyra and Corinth fought sea battle 664 BC |
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Sicyon |
Orthagoras established tyranny in Sicyon Cleisthenes succeeded him 590 BC Brought Sicyon to greatest power and prosperity Agariste, daughter of Cleisthenes, married a descendant of Megacles |
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Mytilene |
Penthilid family ruled Replaced by succession of tyrants, including Myrsilus and Pittacus |
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Athens |
Second-largest city in Greek world In region called Attica Synoecism-process of combining political entities into one Gave Athenian citizenship and rights to all inhabitants of Attica
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Cylon and Draco |
Cylon attempted to establish tyranny 632 BC Besieged on Acropolis, hill in middle of Athens Killed by Megacles Athenians felt the killing was unjust The Alcmaeonids, Megacles' family, were stigamatized for generations Draco laid out Athen's law code 621 BC Derive word Draconian (harsh) |
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Sparta Govenment |
No tyrant 2 kings- with some power over the other 5 ephors- some control over king; 2 had to accompany kings on campaign; chosen out of Gerousia Gerousia- council of 30 noblemen including kings; like Roman senate All of Gerousia (except poss. kings) under 60 Apella- assembly of all citizens; some power Spartan couldn't vote in Apella until 30 and out of military service |
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Spartan Children |
Newborns examined to see if fit If not, killed At 7, Spartan boys put in group camp with boys the age of 18 Conditions harsh and many died Organized into packs, ruled by older boys |
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Spartan Women |
Given more rights in Sparta than in other Greek city-states Participated in athletics Hold property Manage husband's lands Testify in court Had all rights of men except right to vote or hold office |
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The Sacred War |
590 BC Crisa-Phocian town near Delphi (site of main oracle of Greece and Asia minor) Crisa tried to dominate Delphi by levying fees on visitors to the oracle Delphians appealed to Amphictyonic League (earliest Greek league) for help League sent help Ruins of Crisa dedicated to Apollo, god worshipped at Delphi |
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Around the Time of the Sacred War... |
590 BC Several games were established: Pythian games at Delphi for Apollo Isthmian games at Corinth for Poseidon Nemean games at Cleonae for Zeus |
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Solon |
Athenian statesman and poet Archon from 594-593 BC After archonship, went into voluntary exile
Before Solon: Athens began to be turned from aristocracy to timocracy, where classes determined by wealth instead of birth; Solon continued this |
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Solon's Reforms |
Seisachtheia- canceled enslavement for debt; first act Changed Athenian currency Changed selection of public officers to lot and election instead of just election After reforms, 2 political parties formed: Plains (opposed Solon's democratic institutions) and Coast (liked them) |
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Pisistratus |
Tyrant of Athens 561 BC Formed a new political party: the Hill Thrown out and restored several times Helped to end the Hektemoroi class, laborers, by giving them land Athens' power and territory grew Added Salamis and fought war with Megara Purified sacred island of Delos Instituted Panatheniac feast |
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Sparta (cont.) |
Conquered Tegra, after hearing from the oracle that the bones of Orestes were there Defeated Argos and became dominant city in Peleponnesus Formed and headed the Peloponnesian League
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Athens Tyrants (cont.) |
Pisistratus died 528 BC Sons Hippias and Hipparchus succeeded him 514 BC Harmodius and Aristogiton assasinated Hipparchus b/c he did not allow Harmodius' sister to carry basket in Panatheniac procession |
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Cleomenes |
Spartan king Cleomenes invaded Athens b/c exiled Alcmaeonids 510 BC Hippias exiled to Persia Cleomenes ruled Sparta & Greece 510-490 BC Exiled other Spartan king, Demaratus, to Persia Cleomenes went insane & killed himself 490 BC Leonidas and Leotychidas new kings |
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Asia Minor |
Ionian Greeks established colonies since 1000 BC City-states |
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Lydians |
People in central Asia Minor In 700s BC, developed coins Under Croesus (king), conquered Greek cities |
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Persian Empire |
Founded by Cyrus the Great Croesus wanted to attack, so asked oracle Said if attacked, great empire be destroyed Attacked anyway, Persians won & annexed Lydia Ruled Ionian Greeks 540s BC Persians conquered part of Thrace, Greece 520 BC |
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Cleisthenes (not from Sicyon) |
Hippias was gone Set reforms making Athens a true democracy in 508 BC Was an Alcmaeonid Re-organized Athenian people into 3 regions, 10 tribes, and 30 trittyes Boule- new council: 500 members; 50 from each tribe Powers of Ecclesia increased Strategoi-10 generals (1 from each tribe) elected by assembly each year Athens began to replace Corinth as dominant commercial power in Greece 500s BC |
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Persian Empire Revolts |
Son of Cyrus, Cambyses, died without heir Darius I, leader of king's bodyguards, seized throne Greek Ionian cities subjected to Persian rule revolted Aristogoras, a leader of Miletus (most powerful Ionian city) appealed to Athens for help Athenians sent money, troops, supplies Ionian Greek rebels sacked Sardis-former Lydian capital & Persian provincial capital 497 Persians defeated Ionians at Battle of Lade 494 BC Persians wanted to punish Athens for aiding |
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Mardonius |
Persian general Mardonius conquered all of Thrace and Macedonia 492 BC |
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Persia v. Athens pt.1 |
Darius sent general Datis w/ 30,000 men to punish Athens 490 BC Wanted to install Hippias as leader again Athenians sent runner Philippides to Sparta for help, but Sparta busy w/ religious festival Athenians had 9,000 men in Battle Battle on plain near Marathon Athenians received some help from city Platea sending 1,000 more men Athenians outnumbered 3-1 |
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Persia v. Athens pt.2 |
Athenian strategos Miltiades in command Army organized into phalanxes, manned by hoplite soldiers (armed w/ long spears and good armor) Miltiades and polemarch Callimachus made center thin and weak and best soldiers on each wing Persians trapped by Athenians and could not overcome superior hotlites 6,400 Persians and 192 Athenians perished Philippides ran 26 miles to Athens, said one word "Nike!" (Victory), and died Persians were still in Greece, but when 2,000 Spartans arrived, they withdrew Athens won Battle of Marathon n 490 BC |
