Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
289 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
A Lighted Heliport may be identified by
|
Green, yellow, and white beacon
|
|
|
The primary purpose of the tail rotor system is to
|
counteract the torque effect of the main rotor
|
|
|
During a hover, a helicopter tends to drift in the direction of tail rotor thrust. This movement is called
|
Translating Tendency
|
|
|
The upward bending of the rotor blades resulting from the combined forces of lift and centrifugal force is known as
|
coning
|
|
|
In a helicopter, the center of gravity (CG) range is usually located
|
A short distance fore and aft of the main rotor mast
|
|
|
The lift differential that exists between the advancing main rotor blade and the retreating main rotor blade is known as
|
Dissymmetry of lift
|
|
|
Ground resonance is most likely to develop when
|
a series of shocks causes the rotor system to become unbalanced
|
|
|
The proper action to initiate a quick stop is to
|
lower the collective pitch to reduce climbing and apply aft cyclic to reduce speed
|
|
|
Takeoff from a slope in a helicopter with skid-type landing gear is normally accomplished
|
bringing the helicopter to a level attitude before completely leaving the ground.
|
|
|
The proper procedure for a slope landing in a helicopter with skid-type landing gear is
|
When parallel to the slope, slowly lower the upslope skid to the ground prior to lowering the downslope skid
|
|
|
Standard seal level air density and temperature is
|
29.92 inHG and 15 degree's Celsius 59 F
|
|
|
A helicopter pilot should consider using a running takeoff
|
When gross weight or density altitude prevents a sustained hover at normal hovering altitude
|
|
|
Food pedals in the helicopter cockpit enable the pilot to
|
control torque effect
|
|
|
If the helicopter is moving forward, the advancing blade will be in the
|
Right Half of rotor disc
|
|
|
The method of control by which the pitch of all main rotor blades is varied equally and simultaneously is the
|
Collective pitch control
|
|
|
The combination of factors that will reduce helicopter performance the most is
|
High altitude, high temperature, and high humidity
|
|
|
The most favorable conditions for helicopter perfamance are the combination of
|
low-density altitude, light gross weight, and moderate-to-strong winds
|
|
|
during surface taxiing, the helicopter pilot should use the pedals to maintain heading and the cyclic to maintain
|
Ground Track
|
|
|
The thinner air of higher altitudes causes the airspeed indicator to read "too low." An indicated airspeed of 80 mph at 5,000 feet is actually a true airspeed of approximately
|
88mph, true airspeed may be roughly computed by adding to the indicated airspeed, 2% of the indicated airspeed for every 1000 feet of altitude above sea level
|
|
|
The four forces that act on an aircraft are
|
lift, weight, thrust, drag
|
|
|
The maneuver in which a rotary-wing aircraft (helicopter) is maintained in nearly motionless flight over a ground reference point at a constant altitude and heading (direction) is known as
|
Hovering
|
|
|
The flight envelope of an aircraft is
|
The region of altitude and airspeed in which it can be operated.
|
|
|
An airfoil's efficiency, either a wing or a rotor blade, is ______ at high altitude by the ______ air density
|
decreased, lesser
|
|
|
The degree of movement of an aircraft around its lateral axis is known as
|
pitch
|
|
|
True altitude is defined as
|
The vertical distance of the aircraft above mean sea level
|
|
|
A helicopters cyclic control is a mechanical linkage used to change the pitch of the main rotor blade how?
|
All at the same time
|
|
|
When the rotor blades of a helicopter are spinning fast enough in a clockwise direction to generate lift, a phenomenon known as _____ causes the body of the helicopter to have a tendency to turn in a counterclockwise direction.
|
Torque
|
|
|
"Absolute altitude" is defined as
|
The vertical distance of an aircraft above the terrain or ground level
|
|
|
The differential in lift between that of the advancing rotor blade and that of the retreating rotor blade is called
|
dissymmetry of lift
|
|
|
Density altitude is defined as
|
The pressure altitude reading corrected for variations from standard temperature
|
|
|
The cyclic controls the
|
Direction of the tilt of the main rotor
|
|
|
Moving the cyclic forward and significantly raising the collective will cause the helicopter to
|
Increase its forward speed and begin to climb
|
|
|
Conventional American helicopters have a main rotor that turns
|
Counterclockwise Direction
|
|
|
Transitional lift is
|
The additional lift gained when the helicopter leaves its downwash
|
|
|
Gyroscopic precession happens when
|
A force applied to a spinning disc has its effect 90 degrees later in the direction and plane of rotation
|
|
|
The collective controls the
|
Altitude of the helicopter by changing the pitch of the main rotor blades
|
|
|
The downward airflow created by the rotor is called
|
Downwash
|
|
|
In a tandem rotor configuration, which way do the helicopter blades rotate?
|
Opposite directions
|
|
|
Given a constant power setting and a straight and level flight, what will happen when the nose of a helicopter is tilted downward? The altitude will
|
Initially decrease
|
|
|
What is ground effect?
|
Ground effect in helicopters is an improved performance condition that is encountered within half-rotor diameter of the ground
|
|
|
What does the cyclic stick control?
|
The cyclic stick controls the attitude, or direction, which then affects the helicopter's direction and speed. Pulling back on the stick increases altitude while decreasing speed. Pushing the stick forward decreases altitude while increasing speed. Left or right movement causes the helicopter to move in the corresponding direction.
|
|
|
Controlled descent with the engine disengaged is called
|
Autorotation
|
|
|
Retreating blade stall-A)can limit forward speed. B)is the tendency of the retreating blade to stall in forward flight. C)can be identified by abnormal vibrations, not pitchup, and roll in direction of stall. D) all of the above.
|
All of the above. Retreating blade stall is the tendency for the retreating blade to stall in forward flight, and is a limiting factor in determining forward speed. Major indications can include abnormal vibration, nose pitchup, and a roll toward the stalled side.
|
|
|
For a helicopter to hover, what two forces must be in balance?
|
The force of lift and weight must be in balance for a helicopter to hover. If lift exceeds weight, the helicopter will rise, while if weight exceeds lift it will descend.
|
|
|
The amount of lift and drag produced by an airfoil is largely affected by what.
|
The angle of attack, it helps determine the amount of lift and drag produced by an airfoil. For example, an increase in the angle of attack will increase the amount of lift.
|
|
|
Which of these factors can affect the angle of attack?
A) Blade flexing B)Collective Pitch controls C)Blade Flapping D)Turbulent air conditions E) All of the above |
All
|
|
|
The dominant force that affects the rotor system is
|
Centrifugal force is the main force acting is the main force acting on the rotor system. Centripetal force acts to modify the driving force.
|
|
|
Angle of attack is the angle between
|
The angle between the airfoil chord and the direction of relative motion
|
|
|
Total drag is a combination of
|
Total drag is a combination of profile, induced and parasite drag. Profile drag is created by the drag of the helicopter blades. The production of lift creates induced drag. The body of the helicopter parasite drag as the helicopter flies.
|
|
|
Drag that requires the production of lift is called
|
Induced drag
|
|
|
The collective pitch controls
|
starting, stopping and speed
|
|
|
Define chord
|
The straight line between the blade's leading edge and its trailing edge.
|
|
|
Define Feathing Axis
|
The line axis between the root of the blade and its tip that the blade rotates on.
|
|
|
The inertia of a body ois determined by its ____, changes in altitude (do/do not) affect inertia.
|
Mass, do not
|
|
|
When a helicopter climbs at increasing airspeed, its inertia (does/does not) change but its momentum (increases/decreases/remains constant).
|
Does not, increases
|
|
|
When the mass of air through a rotor system becomes less, the downward acceleration must be (greater/smaller) to provide the same opposing force to weight.
|
Greater
|
|
|
When a helicopter is in a steady rate turn at a constant airspeed, the aircraft (is/is not) accelerating because it is constantly changing it's _____.
|
Is, direction
|
|
|
During a constant-radius/steady-rate turn at a constant airspeed, all forces acting on the helicopter (are/are not) balanced and the aircraft (is/is not) in equilibrium.
|
are, is not
|
|
|
Ignoring fuel burn-off, as an aircraft continues to gain altitude, its mass (does/does not) vary, earth attractional force becomes (stronger/ weaker) and the aircraft's weight becomes (less/more).
|
Does not, weaker, less
|
|
|
Assuming the mass of an aircraft and its airspeed remain constant, the centripetal force required to turn it on a reducing radius must be (greater, smaller).
|
Greater
|
|
|
A couple consists of ______ equal, parallel and opposite forces, and when these forces act around a point equal distance between the forces, the couple tends to produce _______.
|
Two, rotation
|
|
|
The strength of a moment is (increased/decreased) when the lever arm increases.
|
Increased
|
|
|
Assuming your helicopter has a constant mass, it's kinetic energy (doubles/quadruples) when its airspeed doubles.
|
Quadruples
|
|
|
The three elements that determine air density are _______
|
Pressure, temperature, moisture
|
|
|
Air pressure is the result of the _____ of a column of air above ______.
|
weight, datum
|
|
|
With increasing altitude, air pressure ____ which causes air density to _____.
|
Reduces, reduce
|
|
|
The atmosphere is warmed (from above/from below).
|
From below
|
|
|
With increasing altitude, air temperature (increases/decreases) and this tends to (increase/decrease) air density.
|
Decreases, increases
|
|
|
The combined effect of pressure and temperature changes with increasing altitude causes air density to (increase/decrease).
|
Decreases
|
|
|
The standard atmosphere (ISA) assumes that sea level pressure is ____ in.Hg (or ____ hPa),the temperature laps rate is _____ F (or ____ C) per thousand feet
|
1013.2, 3.5F (1.98C)
|
|
|
A low density altitude results when pressure is ____, temperature is ____ and the moisture content of air is _____. Helicopter performance under these circumstances is (good/poor).
|
high, low, low, good
|
|
|
Blade angle is the angular difference between the ____ of the blade and the (plane of rotation/axis of rotation).
|
Chord line, plane of rotation
|
|
|
Feathering a blade means changing its ____ angle around the _____ axis.
|
Blade (or pitch) angle, feathering
|
|
|
When an airflow is deflected by an airfoil, the force acting more or less at right angle to the airfoil is called (total reaction/lift/drag).
|
Total reaction
|
|
|
The two components of total reaction are lift, acting (at right angles/parallel) to the relative airflow.
|
Acting at right angles parallel
|
|
|
When an airflow is made to speed up, the pressure within the flow (increases/decreases) provided the flow remains _____.
|
Decreases, streamlined
|
|
|
When a symmetrical airfoil is placed at 0 degrees angle of attack to an airflow, pressures are (different/the same) above and below the airfoil.
|
The same
|
|
|
The lift coefficient of an airfoil is determined by its ____ and ____.
|
Shape and angle of attack
|
|
|
The peak of the CL curve represents (Clmax/Clmin) the associated angle of attack is called the ____ angle.
|
CLmax, stalling
|
|
|
The center of pressure is the point on the ____ line through which all ____ are said to act.
|
Chord line, aerodynamic forces
|
|
|
The center of pressure of a symmetrical airfoil (moves forward/moves aft/remains steady) with changes in angle of attack.
|
Remains steady
|
|
|
The point on the chord line about which no change i pitching moments is felt with changes in angle of attack is called the (center of pressure/aerodynamic center).
|
Aerodynamic center
|
|
|
The drag coefficient of an airfoil is determined by its _____ and _____, its minimum value is found at (zero/four) degrees angle of attack.
|
Shape, angle of attack, zero
|
|
|
The three types of drag experienced by a helicopter in forward flight are _____, _____ and ______.
|
parasite, profile, induced
|
|
|
When the speed of a helicopter increases from 20 knots to 60 knots, parasite drag increases by a factor (three/four/six/nine).
|
nine
|
|
|
Form drag can be reduced by _____.
|
shaping
|
|
|
Skin friction drag is caused by friction between molecules in the _____ layer which is a (retarded/accelerated) layer of air between the airfoil and the _____.
|
boundary, retarded, relative airflow
|
|
|
A laminar boundary layer is normally (thick/thin), it produces (much/little) skin friction drag and it (is/is not) readily subject to separation from the airfoil surface.
|
thin, little, is
|
|
|
A turbulent boundary layer is normally (thick/thin), it produces (much/little) skin friction drag and it (is/is not) readily subject to separation from the airfoil surface.
|
thick, much, is not
|
|
|
The point where the laminar boundary layer changes into the turbulent boundary layer is called the (separation/transition) point.
|
transition
|
|
|
With an increase in airspeed, skin friction drag (increases/decreases) because the transition point moves (forward/aft) and the boundary layer (thickens/thins).
|
increase, forward, thickens
|
|
|
Induced drag is the result of differences in ____ above and below the airfoil and is (directly/inversely) proportional to induced flow.
|
pressure, directly
|
|
|
With an increase in airspeed, induced drag (increases/decreases) and a parasite drag (increases/decreases).
|
decreases, increases
|
|
|
An increase in aspect ratio tends to (increase/decrease) induced drag.
|
decrease
|
|
|
Wash-out is a structural design which (increase/decrease) the (blade angle/angle of attack) from blade root to blade tip.
|
decrease, blade angle
|
|
|
Total drag of a helicopter is (high/low) at zero airspeed, it ( increases/decreases) with an increase in airspeed and beyond medium airspeed it (increases/decreases).
|
high, decreases, increases
|
|
|
When an airfoil operates at its best lift/drag ratio, the angle between lift and total reaction is (zero/as small as possible).
|
as small as possible
|
|
|
The total reaction (can/cannot) act at right angles to the relative airflow.
|
cannot
|
|
|
If lift remains constant but drag is reduced, the lift/drag ration (improves/gets worse) and the total reaction leans (closer/further away from) lift.
|
improves, closer to
|
|
|
An airfoil's lift/drag ration is determined by its _____ and _____.
|
shape, angle of attack
|
|
|
The best lift/drag ratio is normally found when an airfoil operates at a (large/small) angle of attack.
|
small
|
|
|
When operating at best lift/drag ratio, lift production (is/is not) at its maximum but drag is at its (minimum/maximum).
|
is not, minimum
|
|
|
The axis of rotation passes through the _____ and is always( at right angles/parallel) to the plane of rotation.
|
rotor head, right angles
|
|
|
The disc area is the area contained with the _____ and in flight, the area (is/is not) constant because it is affected by the _____ angle.
|
tip path plane, is not, coning
|
|
|
Disc loading means the _____ of the helicopter divided by the _____.
|
gross weight, disc area
|
|
|
Flapping means the movement of blades in the (vertical/horizontal) sense relative to the (plane of rotation/tip path plane).
|
vertical, plane of rotation
|
|
|
Lead-lagging means movement of the blade (forward-aft/up-down) in (the plane of rotation/line with the shaft axis).
|
forward/aft, plane of rotation
|
|
|
The difference between a fully-articulated rotor and a semi-rigid rotor is that the latter (does/does not) allow for (feathering/lead-lagging) through hinges.
|
does not, lead-lagging
|
|
|
The semi-rigid rotor system is common with (two/more than two) bladed rotors and (lead-lagging/flapping) is generally taken up within the blades or in the blade attachment components.
|
two, lead-lagging
|
|
|
The relative (or resulting) airflow that influences the rotor blade in forward flight is a combination of airflows due to _____, _____ and _____.
|
rotation, induced flow, aircraft speed
|
|
|
Airflow due to rotation (Vr) is (always/sometimes) in the (tip path plane/plane of rotation).
|
always, plane of rotation
|
|
|
Induced flow means the airflow forced down by rotor action (all of which/most of which) passes through the rotor.
|
most of which
|
|
|
When the induced flow increases, the inflow angle (increases/decreases) and for a given blade angle and rotor rpm, the angle of attack will (increase/decrease).
|
increases, decrease
|
|
|
Rotor thrust is a (resultant/component) of the total reaction which (can/cannot) be perpendicular to the relative airflow.
|
component, cannot
|
|
|
Total rotor thrust always acts at (right angles to/in line with) the (shaft axis/axis of rotation).
|
in line with, axis of rotation
|
|
|
The force that overcomes the gross weight of the helicopter is _____ or a component of that force.
|
total rotor thrust
|
|
|
Rotor drag is a force which acts in the (plane of rotation/relative airflow) and it acts to (increase/decrease) rotor rpm.
|
plane of rotation, decrease
|
|
|
Assuming constant rotor rpm, when the inflow angle decreases and the collective is lowered proportionally, the total rotor thrust/rotor drag ratio (improves/worsens) so that (more/less) power is required to maintain rotor rpm.
|
improves, less
|
|
|
A rotor operates at its most efficient when the total rotor thrust/rotor drag ratio is at its (best/worst) and the collective lever is as (high/low) power is required to maintain rotor rpm.
|
best, low
|
|
|
Compared to a coll dry day, on a hot and humid day the blade's angle of attack needs to be (greater/smaller/the same) and the total rotor thrust/rotor drag ratio is (better/worse).
|
greater, worse
|
|
|
With the constant rotor rpm, raising of collective will (increase/decrease) the coning angle, rotor drag will (increase/decrease) and the requirement for _____ goes up
|
increase, increase, power
|
|
|
The advantage of the high inertia rotor over the low inertia rotor is that rotor rpm tends to fluctuate (more/less) and the flare is (easier/more difficult) to execute but recovery from low rotor rpm is achieved (quicker/less quickly).
|
less, easier, less quickly
|
|
|
A high aspect ratio rotor blade has a (larger/smaller) span and a (larger/smaller) chord than a low aspect ratio blade.
|
larger, smaller
|
|
|
Blade twisting forces can be kept to a minimum by using the _____ airfoil shape and ensuring that the blade's center of gravity, center of pressure and aerodynamic center are (on/away from) the blade's _____ axis.
|
symmetrical, on, feather
|
|
|
Many rotor blades have (wash-in/wash-out) which means that blade angles (increase/decrease) from root to tip.
|
wash-out, decrease
|
|
|
The main purpose of helicopter blade (wash-in/wash-out) is to control the amount of (lift/drag) production from root to tip
|
wash-out, lift
|
|
|
The worst combination of blade length and rotor rpm in producing tip speed sonic problems is the (long/short) blade rotating at (high/low) rpm.
|
long, high
|
|
|
Using the sweep-back design near the blade tip permits (lower/higher) tip speed and _____ forward speed.
|
higher, higher
|
|
|
When the disc loading is increased, total rotor thrust must be (increased/decreased) and since this involves (increase/decrease) in angle of attack it follows that there will be a (deterioration/improvement) in the total rotor thrust/rotor ratio.
|
increased, increase, deterioration
|
|
|
When the total rotor thrust/rotor drag ratio gets worse, there is a requirement for _____ power.
|
more
|
|
|
When the gross weight of a helicopter decreases there is a requirement for (larger/smaller) pitch angles which produce (larger/smaller) inflow angles and power can be (increased/decreased).
|
smaller, smaller, decreased
|
|
|
When a helicopter descends into ground effect, the induced flow (increases/decreases) which results in an _____ in angle of attack if collective is not raised or lowered. The helicopter will then (maintain height/climb/descend).
|
decreases, increases, climb
|
|
|
Compared to hovering out of ground effect, when hovering in ground effect the requirement for total rotor thrust is (more/the same/less), blade angles are (larger/the same/smaller) and power required is (more/the same/less).
|
the same, smaller, less
|
|
|
When translational lift becomes effective on initial climb-out, (angles of attack/blade angles) increased and if collective is neither lowered or raised the rate of climb will initially (increased/decreased).
|
angles of attack, increase
|
|
|
The rotor thrust required from an anti-torque rotor is (directly/inversely) proportional to power in use.
|
directly
|
|
|
A helicopter fitted with the main rotor rotating clockwise viewed from above tends to _____ to the (right/left) when power is applied and to counteract the yaw and tail rotor blade angles must be (increased/decreased) which is achieved by applying sufficient (left/right) pedal.
|
yaw, left, increase, right
|
|
|
Viewed from behind, tail rotor thrust of a helicopter with a counterclockwise rotating main rotor acts to the (left/right) and it does so by drawing air from the (left/right) and accelerating it to the (left/right).
|
right, right, left
|
|
|
Tail rotor rpm is controlled by the (main rotor/foot pedals).
|
main rotor
|
|
|
When lowering collective, the (increased/decreased) demand for anti-torque requires (less/more) left pedal.
|
decreased, less
|
|
|
As you commence a left-hand hover turn you do not raise or lower the collective lever. As the turn progresses, your height will (increase/decrease) because there is a (increased/decreased) requirement for anti-torque.
|
decrease, increased
|
|
|
When you hover out of ground effect you require a certain amount of _____ pedal to maintain heading. If you then descend into ground effect without changing pedal position, the helicopter will yaw (right/left) as you maintain your new height.
|
left, left
|
|
|
Factors that cause loss of tail rotor effectiveness are aggravated when the wind is (weak/strong), the helicopter's gross weight is (high/low) and the airspeed is (low/high).
|
strong, high, low
|
|
|
A method to counteract translating tendency (tail rotor drift) automatically is a (tilted/offset) mast to the (left/right).
|
tilted, left
|
|
|
A tail rotor placed on a pylon assists in (increasing/decreasing) the degree of (tail rotor drift/rolling tendency).
|
decreasing, rolling tendency
|
|
|
Given the same size and similar rpm as an exposed tail rotor, the shrouded (Fenestron) tail rotor is (more/less) effective, is (easier/more difficult) to install and (does/does not) need freedom to flap.
|
more, more difficult, does not
|
|
|
When the tail rotor drive shaft breaks while in cruise flight, the helicopter will _____ to the (right/left) and as speed is reduced it is necessary to (increase/decrease) power to maintain directional control.
|
yaw, right, decrease
|
|
|
When the pitch horn is attached to the trailing edge of the blade, raising of collective will cause the swash plate to (rise/fall) so that the blade angle (increases/decreases).
|
fall, increases
|
|
|
Using collective (will/will not) affect the amount of total rotor thrust and it (will/will not) change the orientation of total rotor thrust.
|
will, will not
|
|
|
Moving the cyclic control (will/will not) raise or lower the swash plate but it will _____ the swash plate so that (all blades together/individual blades) obtain changes to their (blade angle/ angle of attack).
|
will not, tilt, individual blades, blade angle
|
|
|
Cyclic and collective controls activate the _____ plate (or star) of the swash plate and control inputs are transferred to the blades via the _____ plate (or star).
|
stationary, rotating
|
|
|
The function of a correlator unit is to (increase/decrease) engine power as collective is raised. As altitude is gained the correlator unit becomes (more/less) effective.
|
increase, less
|
|
|
When a blade flaps up, its center of gravity moves (in towards/out from) the axis of rotation and as the blade (increases/decreases) its speed it will move (forward/rearward) on its lead-lag hinge. This is known as _____ effect.
|
in towards, increase, forward Coriolis
|
|
|
Periodic drag changes occur in forward flight when (blade angles/angles of attack) change because of blade flapping.
|
angles of attack
|
|
|
The downwash velocity during the hover is increased when gross weight is (greater/smaller) and density altitude is (higher/lower).
|
greater, higher
|
|
|
When hovering in ground effect, rotor drag is _____ than when hovering out of ground effect but total rotor thrust required is (more/the same/less).
|
less, the same
|
|
|
For a given power limitation, the less the gross weight of a helicopter, the _____ the maximum skid height during hover in ground effect.
|
higher
|
|
|
Maximum skid height for hover in ground effect is _____ when power available is less.
|
reduced
|
|
|
When, during the hover, the front of the disc is in ground effect and the rear is not, the helicopter tends to (pitch/yaw/roll)(down/to the right/to the left).
|
roll, to the right
|
|
|
When you hover close to obstructions, recirculation becomes evident when you require (higher/lower) collective settings to maintain hover height and (the higher/the lower) the hover height the less the degree of recirculation.
|
higher, higher
|
|
|
During the approach to a higher altitude landing site you note the rotor rpm is near the bottom of the green range. If you do not (increase/decrease) rotor rpm at this stage, the rate of descent will _____ as you reduce your airspeed and rotor rpm is likely to (reduce/increase) further.
|
increase, increase, reduce
|
|
|
Your collective lever is close to full up as you approach a landing site at maximum gross weight. As airspeed decreases, reserve power available becomes (more/less) and the rate of descent _____. If the rotor rpm continues to reduce your best course of action is to maintain at least _____ speed and _____ the approach.
|
less, increase, translational, abandon
|
|
|
During straight and level flight the two components of total rotor thrust are the forward _____ component to overcome (weight/parasite drag) and the _____ component to overcome (weight/parasite drag).
|
thrust, parasite drag, vertical , weight
|
|
|
In stabilized straight and level flight, the fuselage attitude is determined by the resultant of _____ and _____ passing through the center of (pressure/gravity) of the aircraft.
|
weight, parasite drag, gravity
|
|
|
When moving cyclic forward, the pitch angle is (greatest/smallest) on the advancing side of the disc and angles of attack, as a direct result of cyclic (do/do not) change.
|
smallest, do not
|
|
|
When moving cyclic to the right in a helicopter fitted with a clockwise rotating rotor, the pitch angle is greatest when the blade is over the (nose/tail/left side/right side) of the aircraft.
|
tail
|
|
|
Dissymmetry of lift is caused by _____ airspeed affecting the advancing blade and _____ airspeed affecting the _____ blade.
|
greater, less, retreating
|
|
|
Dissymmetry of lift is corrected by blade (coning/flapping) which (increases/decreases) the (angle of attack/ blade angle) of the advancing blade.
|
flapping, decreases, angle of attack
|
|
|
When flying horizontally to your left, the blade angle of the blade over the nose is at its (greatest/smallest) and the angle of attack is at its (greatest/smallest).
|
smallest, smallest
|
|
|
Blow-back (or flap-back) is caused by (coning/flapping) of the blades to eliminate _____.
|
flapping, dissymmetry of lift
|
|
|
When airspeed increases, a reverse flow area develops on the _____ side of the disc. In this area, blade sections (are/are not) stalled.
|
retreating, are not
|
|
|
As you accelerate through 12-15 knots you do not move the collective up or down. The helicopter will then (climb/remain level/descend) under the influence of _____.
|
climb, translational lift
|
|
|
Transverse flow effect (or inflow roll) is more pronounced at (high/low) airspeed and is caused by (greater/smaller) induced flow being experienced at the rear of the disc than at the front. The helicopter tends to (yaw/roll) to the (advancing side/retreating side).
|
low, greater, roll, advancing side
|
|
|
Total rotor profile power is the power required to drive the rotor when the collective lever is at the _____ setting and (includes/excludes) the power required to drive the tail rotor.
|
lowest, includes
|
|
|
Induced power is the power required to drive the rotor when it operates at (increasing/decreasing) blade angles to support the _____ of the helicopter in flight.
|
increasing, weight
|
|
|
Parasite power is the power required to overcome _____ drag.
|
parasite
|
|
|
With an increase in airspeed from about 40 knots to Vne, induced power (increases/decreases), profile power (increases/decreases/remains steady) and parasite power (increases, decreases).
|
decreases, increases, increases
|
|
|
The power required to maintain straight and level flight (increases/decreases) with an increase in altitude and the TAS for minimum power goes (up/down).
|
increases, up
|
|
|
When flying for maximum range you must fly at a TAS which produces minimum _____. This speed can be found on the power required curve by drawing the _____ to the curve.
|
drag, tangent
|
|
|
When your gross weight is greater, the required TAS for maximum range is (higher/lower) and range is (improved/reduced).
|
higher, reduced
|
|
|
When flying fro range in a headwind, range is (improved/reduced). and the TAS should be (increased/decreased).
|
reduced, increased
|
|
|
When flying for a maximum endurance, drag (is/is not) at its minimum and the associated TAS can be found below the _____ of the power required curve.
|
is not, bottom
|
|
|
A headwind (does/does not) affect endurance and the TAS (should/should not) be adjusted to allow for this wind.
|
does not, should not
|
|
|
Flying for range requires minimum (power/drag) whereas flying for endurance requires minimum (power/drag).
|
drag, power
|
|
|
When you climb a helicopter vertically in calm conditions and at a constant rate of climb, total rotor thrust is (greater/smaller/the same as) the aircraft's gross weight.
|
the same as
|
|
|
During a sustained vertical climb, the requirement for anti-torque _____.
|
increases
|
|
|
When climbing at the speed for maximum angle of climb, the rate of climb (is/is not) maximum.
|
is not
|
|
|
When you bank your helicopter during a climb, the rate of climb will _____ and the angle of climb becomes (steeper/shallower).
|
decrease, shallower
|
|
|
The TAS for maximum rate of climb (is/is not) the same as the TAS for maximum endurance and when climbing at this speed, the angle of climb (is/is not) steepest.
|
is, is not
|
|
|
When the power available is less than the power required to over, you (can/can not) climb vertically.
|
cannot
|
|
|
You climb your helicopter into a headwind. This (will/will not) affect the rate of climb but the angle of climb will be (steeper/shallower/not affected).
|
will not, steeper
|
|
|
Your are hovering at altitude and then you lower collective slightly. This causes the helicopter to descend at an (increasing/decreasing) rate of descent and when the rate of descent stabilizes, the total rotor thrust is (greater/less than/equal to) the gross weight of the helicopter.
|
increasing, equal to
|
|
|
When descending for range in a tailwind, the TAS should be slightly (increased/decreased) and the rate of descent will then (increase/decrease).
|
decreased, decrease
|
|
|
When descending in a headwind, the rate of descent (will/will not) be affected and the angle of descent will be (steeper/shallower/unaffected).
|
will not, steeper
|
|
|
When descending for maximum range, increased gross weight (increases/decreases) range and the rate of descent will be slightly (greater/smaller).
|
decreases, greater
|
|
|
Centripetal force required to turn a helicopter is provided by (power/total rotor thrust) provided it is _____ in the direction of the turn.
|
total rotor thrust, tilted
|
|
|
During a standard rate (rate-1) turn the nose passes the horizon at (three/six) degrees per (second/minute).
|
three, second
|
|
|
If a helicopter maintains a certain radius but flies faster, the rate of turn will (increase/decrease) and the angle of bank required must be (shallower/steeper).
|
increase, steeper
|
|
|
The angle of bank required to carry out a standard rate (rate-1) turn at an airspeed of 60 knots is _____ degrees.
|
(6+7) = 13 degrees
|
|
|
When two identical helicopters at similar gross weight but different speed carry out a turn on the same radius, the faster helicopter must bank (steeper/shallower/the same) and the faster helicopter will have a (greater/smaller/similar) rate of turn.
|
less, smaller
|
|
|
The load factor in a level turn is directly proportional to (weight/total rotor thrust) and (increases/decreases) with an increase in angle of bank.
|
steeper, greater
|
|
|
When turning level at an angle of bank of 60 degrees the load factor is _____ times (greater/smaller) than (total rotor thrust/weight).
|
total rotor thrust, increases
|
|
|
The steeper the angle of bank in a level turn, the (greatest/less) the requirement for _____ to overcome increased (profile/induced) drag.
|
two, greater, weight
|
|
|
Assuming a constant airspeed, when in a climbing turn, the rate of climb will be _____ than when in a straight climb will be _____ than when a straight climb and the angle of climb will be (steeper/shallower).
|
greater, power, induced drag
|
|
|
Assuming constant airspeed, then in a climbing turn, the rate of climb will be _____ than when in a straight climb and the angle of climb will be (steeper/shallower).
|
less, shallower
|
|
|
Two helicopters are identical but one carries more weight than the other and both fly at the same airspeed. When turning on the same radius, the heavier helicopter must bank (more/less/the same) as the light one and its rate of turn will be (greater/the same/less).
|
the same, the same
|
|
|
To turn your helicopter at a constant radius around a ground feature in a wind, the angle of bank must be steepest when the wind is on the (nose/tail/tail/left/right) of the aircraft and shallowest when the wind is on the (nose/tail/left/right).
|
tail, nose
|
|
|
When a helicopter flares prior to touch-down, one component of total rotor thrust acts (forward/rearward) while the other component acts (upward/downward) to control (height/airspeed).
|
rearward, upward, height
|
|
|
During the flare, the induced flow (increases/decreases) as the result of an airflow from (above/below) the rotor disc.
|
decreases, below
|
|
|
If the collective lever is kept unchanged during a level flare, the (greater/smaller) inflow angles cause total total rotor thrust to (increase/decrease) and the aircraft tends to _____.
|
smaller, increase, climb
|
|
|
Rotor rpm tends to _____ during a flare because the (greater/smaller) total rotor thrust causes (blade/coning) angles to increase which results in the blade's center of gravity moving (towards/away from) the axis of rotation. Coriolis effect then (increases/decreases) the rotational velocity of the blade.
|
increase, greater, coning, towards, increases
|
|
|
When you initiate a level flare, collective must be (lowered/raised) and (right/left) pedal applied to maintain direction. As the helicopter slows down to the halt you must anticipate (raising/lowering) collective and applying (left/right) pedal to maintain direction.
|
lowered, right, raising, left
|
|
|
If you allow rotor rpm to decay towards the end of the flare, forward movement of cyclic to level and disc (will/will not) assist in raising the rpm, it will further _____ the rpm.
|
will not, decay
|
|
|
When airspeed increases and the reverse flow area on the (advancing/retreating) side of the disc expands, the area of the blade not affected must operate at a (greater/smaller) angle of attack. It achieves this through (increased/decreased) flapping (down/up).
|
retreating, greater, increased, down
|
|
|
When retreating blade stall begins, the sections of the retreating blade near the (root/tip) exceed their Clmax.
|
tip
|
|
|
The symptoms of retreating blade stall in most helicopters are rotor _____ and _____ felt throughout the aircraft. As the stall develops, the helicopter pitches (up/down) and (rolls/yaws).
|
roughness, vibration, up, rolls
|
|
|
Using back-cyclic to recover from retreating blade stall (is/is not) recommended because the flare effect (reduces/increases) angles of attack.
|
is not, increases
|
|
|
Using forward cyclic when experiencing retreating blade stall (increases/decreases) angles of attack on the advancing side and (increases/decreases) angles of attack on the retreating side which results in the stalled condition of the retreating blade becoming (worse/better).
|
decreases, increases, worse
|
|
|
Condition likely to lead to retreating blade stall include (high/low) airspeed, maneuvers involving (high/low) load factors and flight in _____ conditions.
|
high, high, turbulent
|
|
|
The reason why Vne (increases/decreases) with altitude is that retreating blade stall is experienced at (higher/lower) airspeeds because angles of attack for flight at increased altitude are generally (high/low).
|
decrease, lower, high
|
|
|
Flight at greater gross weight incurs a (high/lower) Vne.
|
lower
|
|
|
When a helicopter's engine fails, rotor rpm will _____ if blade angles are not (increased/reduced) through _____ of the collective lever.
|
decay, reduced, lowering
|
|
|
The function of the freewheeling unit is to _____ the engine from the rotor so that engine components do not (retard/overspeed) the rotor.
|
disengage, retard
|
|
|
When the engine fails there is, in most helicopters, a tendency for the nose to pitch (up/down) and for the aircraft to roll (right/left).
|
down, left
|
|
|
Rotor rpm is adversely affected by the stalled region of the disc near the blade (roots/tips) because inflow angles are (small/large) and the total reaction produces a compnent (in the direction of/against) rotation.
|
roots, large, against
|
|
|
The driven region of the disc near the blade (tips/roots) have a (good/poor) lift/drag ratio resulting in a component of total reaction acting (in the direction of/against) rotation.
|
tips, poor, against
|
|
|
The driving region is normally found (near the hub/in the middle of the blades/near the tips) and the total reaction provides a component (in the direction of/against) rotation.
|
in the middle of the blades, in the direction of
|
|
|
In a vertical autorotation, rate of descent is (low/high) but it (increases/decreases) as forward speed is gained because angles of attack (increase/decrease) up to a given airspeed.
|
high, decreases, increase
|
|
|
When a vertical autorotation is changed into forward-flight, in three regions of the disc move towards the _____ side so that the stalled region becomes smaller on the (retreating/advancing) side.
|
retreating, advancing
|
|
|
When you autorotate at the speed fro minimum rate of descent and you realize you are under-shooting, you should (increase/decrease) the airspeed and bring the rotor rpm towards the (bottom/top) of the green range in most light helicopters.
|
increase, bottom
|
|
|
When changing from autorotation for maximum endurance to one for maximum range, the airspeed must be _____ and the rate of descent will (increase/decrease).
|
increased, increase
|
|
|
Rotor rpm during an autorotation is controlled with the (cyclic/collective) control.
|
collective
|
|
|
Rotor rpm decay is likely to be severe when the helicopter's engine fails while the aircraft is at a (low/high) gross weight, (high/low) altitude and in a (steep/shallow) angle of bank turn.
|
high, high, steep
|
|
|
The airspeed-height avoid areas expand when the helicopter is at _____ gross weight, _____ altitude and when the atmosphere is (dry/moist).
|
greater, increased, moist
|
|
|
The symptoms of settling with power are aircraft _____ and stick _____ while the helicopter is in a (autorotative/powered) descent at a (decreasing/increasing) rate of descent and (high/low) airspeed.
|
vibration, shake, powered, increasing, low
|
|
|
When settling with power has developed, (it is/is not) good practice to reduce the rate of descent with raised collective because the (higher/lower) blade angles cause the stalled region to (contract/expand).
|
is not, higher, expand
|
|
|
To recover from a settling with power situation at low altitude you must use (collective/cyclic) to increase (rate of descent/airspeed) and after a brief pause reapply power.
|
cyclic, airspeed
|
|
|
Settling with power of the tail rotor may be experienced during a high-rate hover turn to the (left/right).
|
right
|
|
|
When surrounding terrain forces you to approach a landing site downward, you must be conscious of the risk of _____ particularly when you are at (high/low) gross weight, (high/low) altitude and (above/below) translational speed.
|
settling with power, high, high, below
|
|
|
If you suspect that ground resonance is the cause of an increasing vibration you notice after touch-down, you should (in due course/immediately) lift the helicopter off the ground but if rotor rpm is insufficient, (raise/lower) the collective, (increase/reduce) power and apply the _____ brake, if fitted.
|
immediately, lower, reduce, rotor
|
|
|
When lifting the downslope skid off a sloping surface you ease cyclic somewhat excessively into the slope and you notice the helicopter starts to roll. If unable to lift off you should (raise/lower) collective (quickly/smoothly).
|
brake, quickly
|
|
|
If you have the choice of landing on a slope with the left or right skid up-slope in calm conditions, you will have more cyclic available if you place the (right/left) skid on the upslope.
|
lower, smoothly
|
|
|
To avoid a bird in flight you push cyclic forward and the helicopter starts a roll to the right. Your immediate action must be to _____ the disc with (aft/forward) cyclic available if you place (right/left) skid on the upslope.
|
right
|
|
|
To avoid a bird in flight you push cyclic forward and the helicopter starts a roll to the right. Your immediate action must be to _____ the disc with (aft/forward) cyclic and (do/do not) use left cyclic before rotor thrust has been (increased/decreased).
|
load, aft, do not, increased
|
|
|
The principal function of the main rotor gear box is to transfer power from the _____ gathering to ensure main rotor rpm is (less/more) than engine rpm.
|
engine, reduction, less
|
|
|
When the engine rpm becomes less than rotor rpm, the ____ unit (engages/disengages) the engine from the rotor.
|
freewheeling, disengages
|
|
|
When the chip detector light comes on in flight it indicates a (non-serious/serious) situation and urgent investigation is (essential/no essential).
|
serious, essential
|
|
|
Phase lag means the transfer of a cyclic input _____ degrees (in the direction of/at right angle to) direction of rotation.
|
90 degrees in the direction of
|
|
|
If there is a 90 degree advance angle between the blade feathering axis and the pitch link attachment point on the swashplate, forward cyclic will cause the swashplate to tilt (in the same direction as/ at 90 degrees to) the tilt of the main rotor.
|
in the same direction as
|
|
|
Many tail rotors are fitted with a delta-3 hinge which (increases/reduces) flapping aplitude because as the blade flaps, it also (lead/lags/feathers).
|
reduces, feathers
|
|
|
You note that rotor rpm is low and manifold pressure is high. To correct this situation you should (roll on throttle/lower collective).
|
lower collective
|
|
|
The principal means of providing engine cooling of helicopter engines is through (airspeed/engine driven fan).
|
engine driven fan
|
|
|
An underslung rotor system (restricts/encourages) movement of blade center of gravity from the (mast axis/axis of rotation) during flapping.
|
restricts, axis of rotation
|
|
|
When an object is disturbed and returns to its original path but in so doing starts to oscillate at an increasing rate it is said to be statically _____ and dynamically _____.
|
stable, unstable
|
|
|
A dynamic stability function can exist only if there is _____ stability.
|
static
|
|
|
Most helicopters, stick held, are statically _____ and dynamically _____. Stick-free, most helicopters are statically _____ and there (can/cannot) be a dynamic function under those circumstances.
|
stable, unstable, unstable, cannot
|
|
|
Longitudinal stability is in the _____ plane around the (longitudinal/lateral/normal) axis. Lateral stability is in the _____ plane around the (longitudinal/lateral/normal) Directional stability is in the _____ plane around the (longitudinal/lateral/normal) axis.
|
pitching, lateral, rolling, longitudinal, yawing, normal
|
|
|
Stick-held, when a gust of wind strikes a helicopter on the nose during the hover, dynamic (stability/instability) will cause it to oscillate forward and back at a (reducing/increasing) rate.
|
instability, an increasing
|
|
|
The main function of a stabilizer is to dampen out (static/dynamic) oscillations. In rearward flight it has a (positive/negative) influence on longitudinal stability.
|
dynamic, negative
|
|
|
Synch elevators (can/cannot) pitch up/down, they respond to cyclic (for-aft/left-right) movement only.
|
can, fore-aft
|
|
|
Beyond a certain speed in forward flight, most helicopters are directionally statically ____ and dynamically _____.
|
stable, stable
|
|
|
Control power is a function of the effectiveness of (collective/cyclic) to achieve changes in fuselage attitude. Generally, the rigid rotor has (most/least) control power, the semi-rigid rotor has (most/least).
|
cyclic, most, least
|
|
|
Offset flapping hinges (do/do not) assist in keeping the fuselage parallel with the rotor disc and they allow a (wilder/narrower) range of center of gravity position.
|
do, wider
|
|
|
A helicopter can tolerate a strong crosswind from the (right/left) better than from the (left/right) because from the (left/right) the tendency to yaw will be in the same direction as main rotor torque.
|
left, right, right
|
|
|
Downwind take-offs and landings are not recommended partly because the amount of (rearward/forward) cyclic is less than (rearward/forward) cyclic and in a strong downwind condition there may be insufficient _____ cyclic to bring the helicopter to a hover.
|
rearward, forward, rearward
|
|
|
When flaring during a downwind approach there is a risk of (recirculation/settling with power).
|
settling with power
|
|
|
Helicopters fitted with stabilizers are (more/less) difficult to handle in a downwind take-off or landing situation than those without stabilizers.
|
more
|
|
|
When faced with a marginal take-off obstruction clearance you should select the best (rate of climb/angle of climb) speed as soon as possible and revert to _____ climb speed when obstructions have been cleared.
|
angle of climb, normal
|
|
|
If during a zero-speed landing approach you require full power to control rate of descent, you should _____ the approach because there (will/will not) be sufficient power to _____ the rate of descent just prior to touch-down.
|
abandon, will not, arrest (or reduce)
|
|
|
Passengers vacating a helicopter parked on sloping ground must avoid the (uphill/downhill) area below the spinning rotor.
|
uphill
|
|
|
During sling load operations, it (is/is not) good practice to wrap chain twice around a load.
|
is not
|
|
|
Sling loads (must/must not) have an ability to revolve independently from the helicopter and this requires a _____ joint either at the aircraft or load end of the sling.
|
must, swivel
|
|
|
Your helicopter has a disc diameter of 40 feet. If a sling is intended to remain attached to the helicopter between loads, the length of the sling must be no (longer/shorter) than _____ feet and a weight of at least _____ lb (or _____ kg) must be attached to the (lower/upper) end of the sling.
|
longer, 15, 10 pounds (5 kilograms), lower
|
|
|
If a sling load starts to oscillate, you should (increase/decrease) airspeed and/or turn the helicopter in the (same/opposite) direction to the swing.
|
decrease, opposite
|
|
|
When carrying a pack of floor boards horizontally as a sling load it is essential that the _____ potential of the load is destroyed by attaching irregular objects (on top of/below) the load.
|
lift, on top of
|
|
|
When experiencing a strong updraft, total rotor thrust is (increased/decreased) because induced flow is briefly (increased/decreased), inflow angles (increase/decrease) which results in a (rise/fall) of rotor rpm.
|
increased, decreased, decrease, rise
|
|
|
When crossing a mountain ridge into strong headwind you should have sufficient clearance height (before/after) you cross the ridge and cross the ridge at (90 degree/oblique) angle.
|
before, oblique
|
|
|
If there is an inversion above your planned cold mountain landing site, you should anticipate that translational lift will (increase/decrease) as you descend through the inversion.
|
decrease
|
|
|
In strong wind flow conditions, low level operations on the (lee/windward) side of a mountain are likely to encounter rotor action which can be associated with (severe/weak) turbulence.
|
lee, severe
|
|
|
Whenever possible, fly on the (downwind/upwind) side of a valley because on that side there are likely to be (up/down) drafts and a (greater/smaller) radius is involved should a reversal turn be a necessary.
|
downwind, updrafts, smaller
|
|
|
Approaching a pinnacle, it is (easier/more difficult) to assess the slope of the surface and ground effect becomes effective (earlier/later) during the approach.
|
more difficult, later
|
|
|
If you have to land on a high-level landing site surrounded by irregular features, you should aim to complete the approach (short of/over) the site.
|
over
|
|
|
If your landing area is snow-covered, you (should/should not) plan a lengthy hover because ground effect will (improved/diminished) and there is a risk of disorientation due to _____ snow.
|
should not, diminished, swirling
|
|
|
Flying a helicopter in rain a few feet below the freezing level (can/cannot) result forming on the rotor blades because the area of (reduced/increased) pressure above the blades is associated with (higher/lower) temperatures than the environment temperature.
|
can, reduced, lower
|
|
|
When the environment temperature is between 32F and 5F (-15C) and cloud droplets and large, _____ ice is likely to form and when temperatures are much colder and/or droplets are small, _____ ice will form.
|
clear, rime
|
|
|
A (major/minor) risk of rotor blade icing is the resulting unbalancing of blades which can cause (recirculation/ground resonance) problems on landing.
|
major, ground resonance
|
|
|
The initial build-up of ice normally occurs in the (tip/middle) region of blades and since this is the blade's (driven/driving) region during an engine-off descent, it follows that a safe autorotation (may/may not) be possible.
|
middle, driving, may not
|
|
|
Above approximately 20F (-6C), the tip regions of blades are generally (covered by/clear of) ice because of _____ heating resulting from (high/low) local speeds.
|
clear of, kinetic, high
|
|
|
Generally, ice accretion is (quicker/slower) on sharp objects and (quicker/slower) on blunt objects.
|
quicker, slower
|
|
|
Flying in sleet (is/is not) unsafe because visibility through the windshield (will/will not) reduce when _____ forms.
|
is, will, ice
|
