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53 Cards in this Set
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Form Criticism |
Method of biblical criticism that classifies units of scriptures by literary pattern
Seeks to determine a unit's original form and historical context of literary tradition
Found by Herman Gunkel (German Scholar)
An approach to the study of the Psalms |
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Hallelujah |
Means "Praise the Lord"
Book of Psalms ends with five "Hallelujah" psalms
Book of Psalms, as a whole, moves from lament to praise, to Hallelujah |
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Elohistic Psalter |
Psalms characterized by the use of the name Elhoim- E source
Psalms 42-83
Geller-the five books of Psalms may represent originally separate collections, especially 1-3 which are marked by the use of divine names |
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Wisdom (hokmah) |
High degree of knowledge and skill in any domain
Proverbs- to wisdom as manifest in the skill and knowledge of right living
Not inert knowledge- it always implies ability to carry out what one knows |
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Didactic Wisdom Literature |
One of two types of wisdom literature
Proverbs and Ecclesiastes
Literature that seeks to provide firm principles to guide us through life... Precepts, Norms, and guidelines for securing a life of well-being, decency, and dignity
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Critical Wisdom Literature |
One of two types of wisdom literature
Job; Psalm 49, 73, 88
Reflect and comment on doctrines and values found in didactic Wisdom literature rather than directly inculcating them.
Inculcating = teaching an attitude, idea, or habit by persistent instruction |
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Amenemope |
Proverbs 22 is based on Amenomope
Literary work composed in Ancient Egypt
A book that was known in its entirety by the Israelite sages
Reflects on inner qualities, attitudes and behavior required for happy life in face of increasingly difficult social and economic circumstances |
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Theodicy |
Seeing God as good even in the face of suffering and injustice
Found heavy in the wisdom literature
Divine justice |
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"The Babylonian Theodicy" |
Speaker discuss and debate the reasons for evil that occurs
Poetic dialogue between two learned men- sufferer and the friend
An extra-biblical source that closely correlated with the book of Job |
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Eliphaz |
The first of three visits to Job
His primary belief was that the righteous do not perish; the wicked alone suffer, and in measure as they have sinned (Job 4:7-9)
Eliphaz exhorts Job to confess any concealed iniquities to alleviate his punishment |
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Elihu |
A friend of Job
Suffering may be decreed for righteous as a protection against greater sin
Speaks in chapter 32-37
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The Satan |
Hebrew word ha-satan in Job 1:6 means "accuser" or "adversary"
Human beings can be called 'sa'- 'tan' in that they are evil people
A part of God's heavenly counsel
Brings up charges against Job. Says that Job is pious because he is rich and bless |
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Leviathan |
Seen as mythical creature that no human can control
Links to chaos before creation and the adversary that will be defeated in end times. - Psalms 74:14
God compared then to human beings
Describe in Job 41:1-34 |
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Esther |
Persian Queen
Descendant of Tribe of Benjamin
Aids in the downfall of Haman the Agagite.
Successfully manipulates the power structures of the Persian Empire to save the Jews |
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Mordecai |
Son of Jair
Tribe of Benjamin
Esther's Cousin
Refused to bow down to Haman and was hated by him.
Haman in retaliation planned to attack Jewish community
Worked alongside Esther for assassination of Haman |
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Agagite |
Haman the Agagite (Amalekites)
A descendant of Agag, King of Amalekites
Ancient bitter enemies of Israel |
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Purim |
Feast of Deliverance
Instituted by Mordecai
Celebrated every year in memory of 75,00 attackers killed by the Jews when they defended themselves
Esther 9:26-32 |
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Apocalypse |
Second part of Daniel (Daniel 7-12)
An eschatology of God's intervention
Describe the destruction of the wicked (other nations)
Salvation depicted for the righteous (Israel) |
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Belshazzar |
King of Babylon- Son of Nebuchadnezzar
Throws a banquet with the famous "handwriting on the wall"
Daniel interprets the message of his destruction declared by God
Daniel 5 |
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Antiochus IV Epiphanes |
Made himself king after death of his brother Seleucus IV
Wanted people to worship him (Daniel 11:21-24)
Assumed a self title "manifest of God" opposers called him "mad man"
Started a great Hellenization program to bring unity to political unrest
His actions sparked the Maccabean revolution (Daniel 11:32-35)
Persecuted Jews for religious beliefs and practices |
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My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Why are you so far from helping me, from the words of my groaning? |
Psalm 22:1
- Lament
- The Psalter is questioning what God has done to his throne and hritage
- Jesus lament the first line on the cross |
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Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel, from everlasting to everlasting. Amen and Amen |
Psalm 41:13 - The closing doxology - The psalter's individual prayer for God's healings and help with illness and enemies |
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But now you have spurned and rejected him; you are full of wrath against your anointed.
39 You have renounced the covenant with your servant; you have defiled his crown in the dust.
40 You have broken through all his walls; you have laid his strongholds in ruins.
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Psalm 89: 38-40
- Messianic Psalter
- shift from Praise to Lament and end of Book 3
- Community Lament
- raise theodicy question and fall of Davidic monarchy |
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The Lord is king, he is robed in majesty; the Lord is robed, he is girded with strength. He has established the world; it shall never be moved;
2 your throne is established from of old; you are from everlasting.
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Psalm 93: 1-2
- God is depicted as a warrior
- A Theophany
- The God of Israel claims the throne of Zion and is celebrated for taking the throne of Israel
This is the Lord is Psalter in 93-100
Celebration of the kingship of the Lord
The Lord is King of the universe |
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Praise the Lord! Praise God in his sanctuary; praise him in his mighty firmament!
3 Praise him with trumpet sound; praise him with lute and harp!
Praise the Lord |
Psalm 150 - Descriptive Praise - Hallelujah Psalm ("The Great Hallelujah") - The Praise unites two spheres of cosmos (heaven) and God's mighty firmament (earth) God's sanctuary |
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The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge; fools despise wisdom and instruction.
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Proverbs 1: 7
- A theological claim about the relationship of wisdom to Yahwism
- Applies religiousness to secular teachings
May be taken as a motto for wisdom instruction
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The Lord by wisdom founded the earth; by understanding he established the heavens;
20 by his knowledge the deeps broke open, and the clouds drop down the dew.
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Proverbs 3: 19-20
- Edifies God's wisdom in creation
- Found in wisdom interlude B praise of Wisdom
- Wisdom and intelligence are together and set forth with knowledge as one in creative activity of God |
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“I had to offer sacrifices, and today I have paid my vows;
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Proverbs 7: 14-20 - The Father is a teacher of Wisdom/ a conversation between father and son - He is warning him about loose women - The child is being taught about the seduction and the attractions to adultery |
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Do not answer fools according to their folly, or you will be a fool yourself.
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Proverbs 26: 4-5 - Verses give contrasting advice - Knowing when to apply which one is important |
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The words of King Lemuel. An oracle that his mother taught him:
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Proverbs 31: 1 - Lemuel is not known as Israelite or a Judahite King - The inputs the voice of a woman as a teacher of Wisdom |
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Then Satan answered the Lord, “Does Job fearGod for nothing?
10 Have you not put a fence around him and his house and all that he has, on every side?You have blessed the work of his hands, and his possessions have increased in the land.
11 But stretch out your hand now, and touch all that he has, and he will curse you to your face.”
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Job 1: 9-11
- Part of prose frame
- God values unconditional piety
- First encounter between God and 'the satan'
- Satan cannot go ahead without God's permission |
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Then his wife said to him, “Do you still persist in your integrity? Curse God, and die.”
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Job 2:9 - common interpretation that Job's wife is selfish - This is a plea from Job's wife because she can't bear the pain of seeing her husband suffer and deal with the loss of her children |
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After this Job opened his mouth and cursed the day of his birth.
2 Job said:
3 “Let the day perish in which I was born, and the night that said, ‘A man-child is conceived.’
4 Let that day be darkness! May God above not seek it, or light shine on it
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Job 3: 1-4
- Unclear who Job is talking to
- Laments in despair cursing the day he was born and complaint at his lowest point
- Job abandons his understanding of God but at the same time holds onto God |
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For I know that my Redeemer lives, and that at the last he will stand upon the earth;
26 and after my skin has been thus destroyed, then in my flesh I shall see God,
27 whom I shall see on my side, and my eyes shall behold, and not another. My heart faints within me!
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Job 19: 25-27
Part of the human perspective of Job
Among other things, Job hopes in a Redeemer
Found in poetic dialogue
Job is answering Bildad after he has spoken |
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Mordecai told them to reply to Esther, “Do not think that in the king’s palace you will escape any more than all the other Jews. 14 For if you keep silence at such a time as this, relief and deliverance will rise for the Jews from another quarter, but you and your father’s family will perish. Who knows? Perhaps you have come to royal dignity for just such a time as this.” |
Esther 4: 13-14
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Mordecai recorded these things, and sent letters to all the Jews who were in all the provinces of King Ahasuerus, both near and far, 21 enjoining them that they should keep the fourteenth day of the month Adar and also the fifteenth day of the same month, year by year, 22 as the days on which the Jews gained relief from their enemies, and as the month that had been turned for them from sorrow into gladness and from mourning into a holiday; that they should make them days of feasting and gladness, days for sending gifts of food to one another and presents to the poor. 23 So the Jews adopted as a custom what they had begun to do, as Mordecai had written to them. |
Esther 9: 20-23
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Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego answered the king, “O Nebuchadnezzar, we have no need to present a defense to you in this matter. 17 If our God whom we serve is able to deliver us from the furnace of blazing fire and out of your hand, O king, let him deliver us. 18 But if not, be it known to you, O king, that we will not serve your gods and we will not worship the golden statue that you have set up.” |
Daniel 3: 16-18
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Under the influence of the wine, Belshazzar commanded that they bring in the vessels of gold and silver that his father Nebuchadnezzar had taken out of the temple in Jerusalem, so that the king and his lords, his wives, and his concubines might drink from them.
3 So they brought in the vessels of gold and silver that had been taken out of the temple, the house of God in Jerusalem, and the king and his lords, his wives, and his concubines drank from them.
4 They drank the wine and praised the gods of gold and silver, bronze, iron, wood, and stone.
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Daniel 5: 2-4
- Belshazzar praises the God of gold and silver and thereby mocks the true God
- Replaces himself as the host and King of the feast (not the owner of the vessels)
- Gets killed at the end. An act of judgement my God |
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As I watched in the night visions, I saw one like a human being coming with the clouds of heaven. And he came to the Ancient One and was presented before him.
14 To him was given dominion and glory and kingship, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion that shall not pass away, and his kingship is one that shall never be destroyed
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Daniel 7: 13-14
- son of man one like a human being (unknown who this is)
- example of Apocalyptic literature |
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“At that time Michael, the great prince, the protector of your people, shall arise. There shall be a time of anguish, such as has never occurred since nations first came into existence. But at that time your people shall be delivered, everyone who is found written in the book.
2 Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.
3 Those who are wise shall shine like the brightness of the sky, and those who lead many to righteousness, like the stars forever and ever.
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Daniel 12: 1-3
- First clear articulation of the resurrection of the dead.
- Resurrection and then judgment
- V 3 is an echo of Isaiah 53:11
- Prophecy of the end times |
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What is the structure of a psalm of praise? |
1) Introductions/ Summons to Praise
2) Motive or reason for praise/account of God's deed
3) Closing call to praise/expression of confidence
Psalm 145
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Read Proverbs 8:22-31. Lady Wisdom is the speaker. What do we know about Lady Wisdom from this and other passages in Proverbs? |
Lady Wisdom and Human Wisdom (1:20-33; 8:1; 9:1-6)
God created Lady Wisdom and that she was created before mountains and hills
Lady Wisdom speaks about herself and in need of humanity
Has like a daughter relationship with God |
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Biblical Wisdom is an international phenomenon. What evidence of this claim can we find in the Bookof Proverbs?
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According to MichaelCoogan, internationally wisdom has the same or similar genres, such asproverbs, instructions, dialogues, and fables. All of these are concerned with the human condition and experience.
Scholars believe that similarities amongst ancient text’s wisdom traditions was a result of theancient Near East texts drawing on a common source. |
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Provide an outline of the Book of Job.
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Chapters1-2-------------- Prologue 3:1- 42:6------- Dialogues, between Job and his friends,and then between Yahweh and Job 42:7-14--------- Epilogue |
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Name and describe one human perspective on piety and suffering found in the Book of Job.
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From the human perspective suffering makes true piety possible.
Suffering gives humans a role of cosmic importants and embues that there is suffering with meaning.
Suffering is not always a sign of sin it may be a sign of honor because it is the proving ground of fidelity so treasured by God.
Suffering is a divinely sanctioned opportunity there by a chance to give God some glory.
Suffering can be a way to give God glory by being pious.
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Why might you use visual images to accompany Bible study, preaching, or other work with Scripture? And what are some of the criteria you might use to select images to use?
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- For better interpretation
- relationship and accuracy of credit to the artist
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The Book of Esther is thoroughly secular and advocates a nationalism that is indifferent about Godand religion. Respond.
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God and religion takes on the role that it is ok to do wrong in order to gain high positions |
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When was Daniel 7-10 written? Defend your answer.
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- Apocalypses are dated around 169, 165 during the reign of Antiochus IV when he was persecuting the Jews.
- If you look at the context of Daniel it is accurate talking about historical events.
- Does not know the events after 165 to 164.
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Read Psalm 13. Whattype of psalm is Psalm 13? Discuss the structure of the psalm. Who is speakingwhat to whom and why? What might be the benefit of reading and meditating onthis psalm for those who are suffering and for those who are doing well?
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- This is the most ideal example of a individual lament - The address is verse 1. Verse 2 is a mixture of address and complaint. The petition is verse 3 “consider and answer me… Give light to my eyes”. The motivation is “or I will sleep the sleep of death”, petition and motivation are mixed in 3 and 4”. Verse 5 is a confession of trust. Verse 6 is praise. |
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“Wisdom needs humanity…Wisdom realizes her potential only through human activity. Her desire for loveshows that human minds—from the callow juvenile’s to the educated sage’s—fill arole in the intellectual economy of the universe… Wisdom is like a living,sentient organism, requiring interaction with other minds for its own vitalityand realization.” (Michael V. Fox, “Ideas of Wisdom in Proverbs 1–9,” 631) Evaluate the abovequotation with reference to the structure of Proverbs 1–9 and the content ofthe constituent parts. Which figures embody wisdom in these chapters? What typeof wisdom does each figure represent? How do they relate to each other? DoProverbs 1–9 give us a theology concerning wisdom? What practical implicationsdoes this theology have for today? |
- The wisdom talked about in the above quote is Lady Wisdom. In Proverbs 1-9 there are two main strata that can be found in the dialect and they are 10 lectures and 5 interludes. The 10 lectures are instruction given by a father to his son. Each lecture has a tripartite structure which consists of: (1) the exordium, which includes the address, exhortation and motivation (2) lesson, which is the teaching (3) conclusion, which is a summary statement. The 5 interludes are teachings from Lady Wisdom. (616) - The above quote from Fox is saying that Lady Wisdom needs people because without people the only thing Lady Wisdom could do it “frolic before God, waiting for her real mission to start.” Lady Wisdom needs humanity so that she can summon them and react to people with emotions corresponding to the way they respond to her. - The two figures which wisdom embody is Lady Wisdom and a father who is teaching his son. The wisdom the Father (teacher) is seeking to impart is not reducible to his own precepts; it is a power. Once achieved, it resides in the learner as a potential and must be activated by God in order to become the faculty of wisdom, the inner light that guides a person through life (619). Also for the Father, wisdom is a configuration of soul: it is moral character (620). The father teaches instructions wisdom. |
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According to the Bookof Proverbs, where can wisdom be found? Provide specific examples. And how doeswisdom become manifest as a living power in human life? That is, is it enoughto know wise sayings to be a wise person? What more is needed?
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Wisdom can only be found in experience
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What does the Bookof Job teach us about suffering and piety? How might the Book of Job inform aconversation you have with someone who, in the face of suffering, asks, “Why?”Articulate your perspective(s) on suffering and piety with reference to the Bookof Job (paraphrase, if necessary) and anticipate and respond to the questionsand perspectives of your interlocutor.
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- The Book of Job teaches us that God highly values human piety. God reveals God’s self in His vaildness to Job to say that God remains outside of human comprehension. When the reader gets to go behind the divine vale and hear God talking we know that God allows unwarranted suffering to occur because God values human piety and human righteousness very highly. When Satan suggests that human piety is not pure and that piety is not a free decision but only a response to Job’s blessings God is not willing to ignore it. God cannot let the integrity of human piety be called in to question by Satan and not go answered. God feels a need to vindicate or restore the integrity of human piety and God goes to great lengths to do so. God risks destroying Job, He abandons Job to prove that what He says about human piety is true. God wants to prove to himself and to Satan that human piety is pure. - From the human perspective suffering makes true piety possible. Suffering gives humans a role of cosmic importants and embues that there is suffering with meaning. Suffering is not always a sign of sin it may be a sign of honor because it is the proving ground of fidelity so treasured by God. Suffering is a divinely sanctioned opportunity there by a chance to give God some glory. Suffering can be a way to give God glory by being pious. |
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What do Esther andDaniel have to say about living as a minority? Describe and discuss at leasttwo different perspectives. What relevance might these perspectives have forthe Church today?
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God will be the ultimate judge and bring justice on the oppressor and
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