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21 Cards in this Set

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Canon

The term canon, meaning "rule" or "measuring stick" in greek, refers to the corpus of biblical books viewed as sacred Scripture. The canon of the Hebrew Bible, which consists of twenty-four books, emerged gradually over time and attained its final form in the first century CE. The Christian Old Testament includes the same content, but in a slightly different arrangement.


Tripartite canon: Torah (instruction 450 BCE), Nevi'im (Prophets, before 190 BCE), Keturim (writings, 2nd century CE).

Enuma Elish

Not meant to be a scientific creation story


Purpose to extoll babylon's role


Was popular at a high point of the Babylonian kingdom (c 1100 BCE). It recounts the ascendency of Marduk as King of the divine council after defeating Tiamat (watery chaos). Marduk then creates the world, humans, and receives a temple in Babylon.




Apsu and Tiamat primordial gods (apsu creates Tiamat originally)




Differences in human authority between genesis and the Enuma Elish. Enuma Elish has a much lower view of human agency. Cities are created specifically.

Atrahasis

An old Babylonian myth of creation and flood (c 1700 BCE). Anthropomorphic deities represent spheres of the natural world and meet in council to achieve balance. Conflicts arise because of labor and population. Enki helps Atrahasis, the flood hero, avoid multiple divine destructions.




Compare to noah flood story




Adapted in the epic of Gilgamesh




Dismantle his house and create a boat




Begins with Theoginy (story about the creation of the GOd)




Noise annoys god Enlil


Enki, god, tries to foil the destruction




Animals loaded onto the arc two by two




Etiological elements: Why some women cannot bear children, to curb the population.




Don't have too many children.

Amarna Letters

Letters from vassals in Canaan to the Egyptian court, in the time of Akhenaten.



Found in the city of Amarna in upper Egypyt




Important to the Revolt Hypothesis.




Social world of syria/palestine




The Amarna letters date from a time more than a century before the usual date for the exodus, so they cannot be taken as referring to upheavals caused by the emergence of Israel. But conditions in Canaan probably did not change very much over a century or so. Mendenhall suggested that the Israelites who had escaped from Egypt made common cause with disaffected Canaanites. Israel was not originally an ethnic group but the union of people fleeing oppression, who joined together in the worship of the liberator in the worship of the liberator god YHWH. This revolt hypothesis was developed further by Norman Gottwald.




Exodus story paints it as there being a huge amount of Israelites, destroying all of the canaanites. Amarna letters prove that it exodus was not historical. Israelites not a distinct ethnic groups.




In acadian. Middle of the 14th cent. BC




Hard to tell who is the oppressed/oppressor




Provides an alternative view of the exodus.




Pg. 119

Tiamat

Chaos. Killed by Marduk. Body made into the heavens and the earth.

Ugarit

Modern Ras Shamra, in northern Syria, where important tablets were discovered in 1929.


Gods in Ugaritic texts : El, Baal, Anat, etc.


Best representatives we have of canaanite religion in the 2nd 1/2 of the first millennium.




"El" was the common name for God in the E source.





J source

Julius Wellhausen (Documentary hypothesis)


Oldest 10th Cent BCE


Yawist


Folsky narrative stype


immanent anthropomorphic god


Southern Judean


Aware of the Davidic monarchy


expresses concern with nationhood


Gen, 2 creation narrative, Exodus


Basic Theology


What human's have is divine gift/grace from God


Sin comes from humans trying to bypass god's grace and receive blessings for themselves


Ex. Tower of Babel


Adam and eve


God's provision is better than what humans could ever get for themselves


God's initiative alone brings good things


Crisis->God's provision in response to it


Perhaps a response to a selfconscious nation under david



E source

Wellhausen


9th cent


northern source


more formal writing style


concerned with prophetic voice


God is remote, transcendent and communicates through dreams and prophets


any time God speaks directly to humans, humans are terrified


Ex. Moses's burning bush


God's backside


"ass theology"


Composed after the split in monarchy


God's leadership is through Charismatics/prophets who are ordained by God


Ex. moses


Basic theological argument


Humans have to accept the promise of God and respond


There is RESPONSE involved


Tension between theology of grace and theology of obedience



Eve (Yawwah)

Hawwa means "Life"


The mother of all life (Gen 3:20), is the primordial first woman in the J creation story. Fashioned from Adam's rib, she is Adam's partner with a close bond. Eve converses with a crafty snake about a command from YHWH she did not hear first hand. After eating forbidden fruit, she is expelled and cursed to experience pain in childbirth and to be ruled by her husband.


Celebrated as the very substance of his being


Ezer kenegdo means a helper corresponding to him


"Consructed" Banal, by YHWH (Etiology)


"Wordplay" 'issa vs 'is

Image of God (Gen 1)

Selem means Image


Used only 3 times in the Pentateuch


Used for physical representation (Statue, reflection)


Human beings stand for God's presence on earth


Extremely high view of human kind


not only there to be servants, but there to rule in God's will


Adam means red/brown, also plural (male/female)

Ehyeh asher ehyeh

Exodus Ch 3:14 Divine name play, Moses asks for name


before reveal in Exodus 6


I am who I am/I am what I am/I will be whoever I will be

Mishneh Hattorah

Hebrew name for deuteronomy


The second giving of the torah


Presented as a sermon my moses


The law had already been given


A rehashing


The book is associated with a revelation on what the E source calls Mt Horeb

"Knowledge of Good and Bad"

Independence


Autonomy


Presence of Mind


Nuanced relationship between god and adam


Under divine charge


Permission/Prohibition


Snake re-represents as "open eyes"


sightednedd is a kind of death? Punished?


Godlessness/disgrace


Pitiful resilience


Deut 1:39


2 Sam 19:35


Isa 7:15


I Kings 3:9


Ibn Ezra: The text never claims initial immortality, humans initially mortal, sought immortality





Ban (Herem)

a law attributed to God that stipulated all those conquered in battle were to be killed and their property burned. The herem plays a prominent role in the book of Joshua but is also known outside of Israel, such as in the Mesh a stela. Rather than providing a factual report of ancient battles, the herem portrays warfare in ritualistic and sacrificial terms.

Suzerain Treaty

Sitz im leben Form Criticism


Features ----> Compare to Deuteronomy


Preamble -----------------------------> 1:1 -4:44


-Suzerain identifies himself


-Suzerain recounts the deeds of benevolence


Stipulations ---------------------------> 4:45 -28:68


- Demand that the vassal pledge absolute loyalty to the suzerain and not recognize the sovereignty of any other lords


-Other demands


Formalization of the treaty---> Missneh Hattora (written down, preserved to read)


- copies of the treaty be made and preserved


- Document to be read publicly


Witnesses ---------> Heavens and earth invoked (32)


Sanctions -----------------------------> Ch 30-31. 33-34


-Blessings and Curses





Call Narrative

vision/theophany


explanation of the event


divine commission


hesitation regarding the call


divine reassurance


sign

Dtr1



Josianic Edition


-The bulk of deuteronomistic history


- a piece of Josianic propaganda


- return to Judah, Jerusalem


- asserting ancient claims of Davidic dynasty


- No hint that hope in the house of David would fail, except for Manasseh


- no persistent faith of northern kings


- only with Manasseh, F-


- Manassah was appended.

Dtr2

Exilic Edition


- Tried to explain why Jerusalem was destroyed, despite the reign of Josiah


- Still YHWH did not turn from the fierceness of his great wrath


- Theme of manasseh's abominations (2 Kgs 21): The southern equivalent of "the sins of Jeroboam"


- Appended to the history (Dtr1)


- Explains why Judah fell despite Josiah (2 Kgs 23:25-27)

The Shema

Deuteronomy 6:4-9


Hear O Israel, YHWH is our God, YHWH is alone, and you shall love YHWH your God with all your heart/mind, and with all your being/life, and with all your wherewithal, 6 And these things which I am charging you today shall be on your heart/mind. 7And you shall hone them for your children, and you shall speak them when you stay in your house and when you go on the way, and when you lie down and when you get up. 8 And you shall bind them as a sign upon your hand and they shall be to you as a frontlet between your eyes 9 and you shall write them upon the doorposts of your house and on your gateways.” (CLSV)


Heart is actually - your heart mind, the cognitive center of human beingsheart- a seat of intellect all of man’s cognitive resources


Soul is actually Nephesh: a somatic termoriginally “throat” the most basic organ needed for survivalLife- one’s vital being, all that makes one alivebeing mindactually your throat, your life force what is vital to your being rooted to the body rather than greek soul


Me’od typically translated here as “strength” or “might”most frequently means “very”, veriness basic meaning - muchness, abundance, utmost, wherewithal


Hone typically translated as “repeat”(nowhere else has this meaning)“to whet, sharpen”

Former Prophets

The books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings (=the Deuteronomistic History-”DH”; see answer to Q2 for more info. on DH) First portion of the Nevi’im

Toledot-Formula

The repetitive use of the word “toledot”/descendents,generations in Genesis; has the concept of birth or to physically come into being; a key to understand the structure of Genesis. the toledot formula is a heading and functions to narrow the focus from a universal context to Israel in particular. The formula provides cohesion and continuity in the narrative, while alerting the reader to new material that is taken up in the section that follows.