Heath Of Elem Sch Child. Chapter 1

Front 1

Within each domain of health, what does the Lokahi Wheel stress as most important?

Back 1

balance, unity, and harmony"

Front 2

According to the authors, how might a student with a sense of compromised spiritual health feel?

Back 2

Isolated

Front 3

Which of the following is an example of a social environment variable?

Back 3

housing circumstances

Front 4

Optimal functioning can best be described as

Back 4

a balance among the domains of health.

Front 5

The six CDC priorities for health education in schools can be categorized as

Back 5

behavioral risk factors

Front 6

Regarding physical education classes, research has shown which of the following to be true?

Back 6

In the average physical education class, a typical student may participate in two to three minutes of individual exercise.

Front 7

Which of the following underlying risk behaviors causes the most deaths per year?

Back 7

tobacco

Front 8

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Healthy People 2010?

Back 8

It has resulted in duplication of some federal services and has increased public health costs.

Front 9

All of the following are elements of a coordinated school health program EXCEPT

Back 9

No Child Left Behind.

Front 10

The CDC study that assesses school health programs is known as

Back 10

SHPPS.

Front 11

The emotional domain is characterized by the variable of energy level. (T or F)

Back 11

False

Front 12

According to the CDC, the ability to refrigerate foods is one of the ten great public health achievements of the twentieth century.
(T or F)

Back 12

False

Front 13

The purpose of school nutrition services is to provide access to a variety of nutritious and appealing meals that meet the health and nutrition needs of all students. (T or F)

Back 13

True

Front 14

The three domains of learning are cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.

(T or F)

Back 14

True

Front 15

The current nationwide ratio of school health nurses to students is one nurse to no more than 500 students.
(T or F)

Back 15

False

Front 16

The majority of schools with vending machines have policies restricting their use during lunchtime.

(T or F)

Back 16

False

Front 17

A lack of security at home is not a barrier to learning.

(T or F)

Back 17

False

Front 18

Research shows that about 45 percent of Americans suffer the consequences of a chronic health condition.

(T or F)

Back 18

True

Front 19

Spiritual health is one of the topics for which HECAT criteria have been developed.

(T or F)

Back 19

False

Front 20

The ability to advocate for personal, family, and community health is one of the National Health Education Standards.

(T or F)

Back 20

True

Front 21

- Health is a broad concept that extends beyond the physical parameters of health.

- Health is influenced by...
- Health includes physical, mental/ intellectual, emotional, social, spiritual, and vocational domains.

Back 21

Personal, behavioral, and environmental variables that change quickly.

Front 22

Define each of the domains of personal health.

- Physical health
Physical characteristics, energy level, and other observable behaviors

- Mental/Intellectual health
Reasoning processes, capacity for short and long-term memory, and expressions of curiosity, humor, logic, and creativity

- Emotional health
Emotions, coping skills, self-control, self-acceptance, and expression of feelings in socially accepted ways

- Social health
Social skills, interactions in different environments, and respect and acceptance for others

- Spiritual health
Comfort with ourselves, relationships with others, personal value systems, and a meaningful purpose in life

- Vocational health
Ability to collaborate, share responsibility, and positively impact the community while maintaining a high level of integrity

Back 22

Domains of Health

Front 23

Harmony, Balance, Unity

Back 23

The Lôkahi Wheel

Front 24

- Healthy People, a multidecade initiative to improve the health status of Americans, began in 1979.

- Chronic diseases replaced infectious diseases as the leading causes of death in the United States between the beginning and end of the twentieth century.

- __________ are the four major contributors to premature morbidity and mortality.

- Healthy People indicated that 50 percent of premature illness and death was linked to lifestyle/personal behavior choices.

Back 24

Heredity
Environment
Lifestyle
Inadequate access to medical care

Front 25

Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Diarrhea/ enteritis
Heart disease
Liver disease
Injuries
Cancer
Senility
Diphtheria

Back 25

Leading causes of death: 1900

Front 26

Heart disease
Cancer
Stroke
Chronic lung disease
Unintentional injuries
Diabetes
Influenza / pneumonia
Alzheimer’s disease
Kidney disease

Back 26

Leading Causes of Death Among Americans; 2002

Front 27

Risk behavior Annual deaths
Tobacco 435,000
Obesity 112,000
Alcohol 85,000
Infections 75,000
Toxic agents 55,000
Motor vehicles 43,000
Firearms 29,000
Sexual behavior 20,000
Drug use 17,000

Back 27

Underlying Risk Behaviors (Actual Causes of Death)

Front 28

Tobacco use
Poor eating habits
Alcohol and other drug use
Behaviors resulting in intentional and unintentional injuries (Violence)
Physical inactivity
Sexual behaviors resulting in HIV and other STDs or unintended pregnancy

Back 28

Priority Health Behaviors

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified six priority health behaviors to guide educational programming

Front 29

Public health officials have identified six influences on the health of individuals and communities:

Back 29

Biology
Behaviors
Social environment
Access to quality health care
Physical environment
Public policies and interventions


The combination of individual behaviors and environmental factors is responsible for approximately 70 percent of all premature deaths in the United States.

Front 30

First Healthy People publication was in...

Focused on ongoing collaborative initiatives by local, state, and federal agencies to improve the health of the nation.
The Healthy People documents emphasize disease prevention and health promotion

Back 30

1979

Front 31

- To help individuals increase their life expectancy and improve their quality of life.

- To eliminate health disparities among different segments of the population.

107 of the objectives focus on the health of adolescents and young adults

Back 31

Healthy People 2010 provides a structure to measure progress toward 467 objectives and two overarching goals:

Front 32

Educational institutions are in a unique position to improve health outcomes of youth.

- They have access to a critical mass.
- Friendships and norms are established.
- Educators are academically prepared to organize developmentally appropriate learning experiences to empower children.

Various reports and policies have been issued to promote and support child and adolescent health in schools

Back 32

Health in Academic Environment

Front 33

- A report by the National Commission on Excellence in Education.
- Includes health education in a list of academic subjects categorized as the “educational smorgasboard

Back 33

A Nation at Risk

Front 34

- In 1994, legislation established eight broad National Education Goals.
- Focused on the effect of students’ health risks on the learning environment.
- Drew attention to the negative impact of drugs and violence on the learning environment

Back 34

Goals 2000: Educate America Act

Front 35

In 1994, ________________ issued a statement that provided strong support for comprehensive school health programs

This statement acknowledged the adverse effects that risk behaviors have on school culture and the academic outcomes of students.

At the time, limited information was available about how school health programs promoted student, faculty, and staff wellness.

Back 35

the secretaries of Education and Health and Human Services

Front 36

In 1994, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted the first evaluation of school health programs: the School Health Policies and Programs Studies.

Back 36

School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS)

Front 37

- What are the characteristics of all elements of school health programs?

- Who is responsible for implementing school health programs?

- What type of collaboration takes place among state and local staff?

- How did school health programs change between 1994 and 2000?

Back 37

SHPPS was developed to answer the following questions:

Front 38

- Teachers struggle to address the various content standards.

- Adults believe the National Health Education Standards are necessary for students to learn.

- A growing body of research supports the assertion that student health behaviors and the ways in which schools address them are...

- Mounting evidence has confirmed the destructive impact of student health risks on:
*Attendance
*Class grades
*Performance on standardized tests
*Graduation rates

Back 38

“inextricably intertwined.”


Health in the Academic Environment

Front 39

- Stakeholders in the educational process are encouraged to assume an advocacy role.

- Crisis intervention instead of a health program is all too common in school communities.

- To maximize resources, educators must develop and deliver programming that is grounded in research, effective, and consistent with the educational mission of the school.

Back 39

The Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP)

Front 40

- Medical care seeks to make the sick well.
- Disease prevention attempts to minimize threats to health.
- Health promotion attempts to educate basically healthy communities and individuals to develop healthier lifestyles.

Teachers must remember that most of their students are “basically healthy.”

Back 40

The 1979 Healthy People initiative provided a starting point by defining the key concepts: medical care, disease prevention, and health promotion.

Front 41

A Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP) model organizes resources, expertise, and activities into a model representing best practice.

CSHPs are endorsed by the CDC and many national organizations. They include...

Back 41

(PCFN HHHH)

1) Physical education
2) Counseling/Psychological and social services
3) Family and community involvement
4) Nutrition Services
5) Health education
6) Health services
7) Healthy school environment
8) Health Promotion for faculty and staff


School-site health promotion for staff

Front 42

A Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP) model organizes resources, expertise, and activities into a model representing best practice.

CSHP's are designed to:
- Maximize available expertise and resources.
- Conserve taxpayer dollars by reducing duplication of services.
- Maximize use of public facilities in the school and community.
- Enhance communication and collaboration among health promotion professionals.
- Address student health risks in the context of, rather than in competition with, the academic mission of the school.

Back 42

Coordinated school health programs (CSHPs) send consistent messages across multiple communication channels throughout the school and community.

Front 43

Quality comprehensive school health instruction is the most familiar component of

Back 43

CSHP's (Coordinated School Health Program)

Front 44

Quality health education is grounded in developmentally appropriate practice and the three domains of learning:

Back 44

Cognitive domain (knowledge, repetitive)
Affective domain (emotional)
Psychomotor domain (skill)

Front 45

The standards provide a framework for developing a rigorous instructional scope and sequence and meaningful evaluation.
75% of states have used the standards as a starting point for curriculum updates or revisions.

Back 45

The National Health Education Standards were developed for improving health education for all students

Front 46

Research has confirmed that _________of formal health training are necessary to produce changes in each of the three learning domains.

Back 46

40–50 hours

Front 47

National Health Education Standards

Back 47

Core concepts
Analyze influences
Access information
Interpersonal communication
Decision-making skills
Goal-setting skills
Health-enhancing behaviors
Advocate for health

Front 48

- Developed by the CDC.

- Contains guides, tools, and resources for completing analysis of health education curricula.

- Based on the National Health Education Standards.

- Will help districts select appropriate and effective health education programs.

Back 48

Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT)

Front 49

- States often have only minimal licensure requirements for those teaching health at the elementary level.

- Competencies have been established for elementary and middle school teachers who assume the primary responsibility of teaching health.

- More than 80% of elementary and middle schools have been mandated by state departments of education to teach some health education.

Back 49

Comprehensive School Health Education

Front 50

School health services include policies and programs designed to assess the health status of children.
The school nurse leads the collaborative effort to

Back 50

- Direct patient care, including screenings, diagnostic, treatment, and health counseling services.

- Maintain referral and other linkages with community service providers.

- Collaborate in health promotion and injury and disease prevention education.

Front 51

__________ has a pivotal role in assuring continuity of care for students with health-related barriers to school success.
________ acts as a liaison among the school, the home, and the medical community

Back 51

The school nurse

Front 52

- Effective and timely delivery of services depend on the number of nurses available at a school site.

- The National Association of School Nurses recommends the ratio of one school nurse to ______

- Slightly more than 50% of schools are in compliance with the recommended nurse-to-student ratio.

Back 52

750 students

Front 53

School nurses must also...

Back 53

- Manage care plans for students with special needs.
- Develop policy and protocol for the administration of medication to students.

Classroom teachers have an important role as advocates for students and participate in initial observation and referral for student health conditions.

Front 54

The most conspicuous element of a healthy school environment is the ___________

The school principal has the primary responsibility for the health and safety of school buildings by enforcing district policy, but all school personnel play a role.

School districts and classroom teachers are responsible for the safe transportation of students to and from school, including bus safety.

Back 54

physical condition of the buildings.

Front 55

- Is a place where students, faculty, and staff feel cared for and personally valued.

- Is an inviting, safe, and nurturing learning environment.

- Engages students in meaningful activities.

- Develops shared norms.

- Involves students in decision making concerning school matters.

Back 55

The social and psychological climate of the school is an important aspect of a healthy school environment, which

Front 56

School districts must consistently enforce policies managing student behaviors in the CDC priority risk areas, which includes

Back 56

Bullying
Weapon carrying
Tobacco, alcohol, and other drug possession

Front 57

- Provide access to nutritious and appealing meals that meet the health and nutrition needs of students.

- Offer students a learning laboratory.

- Serve as a link to nutritionally related community service agencies.

Back 57

Nutrition services should

Front 58

There is a strong relationship between poor dietary behaviors and low student achievement.

Inadequate nutrition leads to...

Back 58

- Apathy and shorter attention spans.
- Low energy levels.
- Inability to concentrate.
- Increased absences from school.

Front 59

_____________ in response to the inadequate nutrition of many students. It is still run by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

- Nearly 2/3 of all students receive about 1/3 of their daily nutrition from this program.

- Students who participate have better school attendance, class participation, and achievement.

Back 59

The National School Lunch program was initiated in 1946

Front 60

The Child Nutrition Reauthorization Act passed in 2004...

Back 60

- Provides more access to fruits and vegetables

- Requires every school district receiving federal funds for school meals to:
* Set goals for nutrition education, physical activity, and other school-based activities designed to promote student wellness

* Include nutrition guidelines for all foods available on the school campus during the school day

Front 61

A major challenge for ________ is access to less-than-healthy foods in vending machines, snack bars, or a school store during the school day.

Most schools have not established policies restricting use of vending machines during the lunch period.

- Nutritionally sound school lunch programs must compete with high-fat, high-salt, and high-sugar food options available in the machines.

Back 61

school nutrition services

Front 62

According to the Surgeon General’s Report on Mental Health....

Back 62

- Approximately 1 in 5 children has a diagnosable mental or addictive disorder.

- Schools are the primary provider of mental health services for children.

School counselors, psychologists, and social workers are the mental health professionals most frequently employed by school districts.

Front 63

These professionals provide a range of services:

- Organizing instructional activities to help students solve relationship problems, make decisions, and address developmental challenges

- Providing individual and group counseling for students

- Serving as the formal link among the school, home, and community, offering case management, group counseling, home visits, advocacy for students, and coordination of youth programs

Back 63

School Counseling, Psychological, and Social Services

Front 64

The 1996 Surgeon General’s report on physical activity confirmed the benefits of regular physical activity, which include a reduced risk for

Back 64

Premature death
Heart disease
Diabetes
Colon cancer
High blood pressure
Depression
Osteoporosis
Obesity

Front 65

- There is a strong link between participation in physical activity and enhanced academic outcomes, such as improved test scores in math, reading, and writing.

- The amount of time allotted for physical education varies significantly from school to school and must be considered when planning comprehensive programs.

Back 65

Physical Education

Front 66

The CDC has identified the elements of a comprehensive approach to school-based physical activity...

Back 66

- Daily physical education
- Health education to provide skills to maintain an active lifestyle
- Extracurricular physical activities
- A wide range of learning activities
- Individual fitness and skill development for lifelong patterns of physical activity

Front 67

- Corporate America initiated health promotion activities for employees in order to reduce health care expenses.

- Boards of education and administrators are faced with the same issues.

- School districts are ideal for work-site health promotion activities such as...

Back 67

Screenings
Health education
Employee assistance programs
Health care
Implementation of policies that support safe and healthy lifestyles

Front 68

Health promotion programs for faculty and staff have been shown to _______

Back 68

- Reduce health care costs.
- Decrease absenteeism.
- Improve quality of life.
- Improve physical health.
- Improve psychosocial well-being.
- Provide positive role models for students.
- Improve continuity of instruction due to fewer substitutes.

Front 69

- The school is an agency of the community and cannot function effectively in isolation.

- Children in school also are influenced by practices in...

Back 69

Neighborhoods
Churches
Stores
Medical care settings

Front 70

Research confirms the need for local districts to establish a school health advisory council to...

Back 70

- Reduce the duplication of services.
- Enhance the visibility and potential impact of participating agencies.
- Pool resources.
- Identify gaps.
- Cultivate community relationships.

Most activities related to family and community involvement in school health programs are based at the local level, not the state level

Front 71

The Coordinated School Health Program is an eight-component model that represents best practice in disease prevention and health promotion for the school community.

The eight components are...

Back 71

- Health education
- School Health services
- A Healthy environment
- School Counseling
- Psycological and Social Services
- Physical Education
- School Nutrition Services
- School site health promotion

Front 72

- School health advocates have identified the need for a person or a team to coordinate activities of the school health program.

- The coordinator would...

Back 72

* Translate the CSHP into specific activities.
* Coordinate the school health advisory board.
* Maintain the program budget.
* Organize advocacy and liaison activities.
* Organize evaluation activities.

Front 73

- Activities that are offered in a coordinated and intentional manner are more likely to succeed and last.

- ________ can efficiently and effectively promote student health while being focused on the primary mission of schools.

Back 73

A CSHP

Front 74

Ability to collaborate, share responsibility, and positively impact the community while maintaining a high level of integrity

Back 74

Vocational Health

Front 75

Physical characteristics, energy level, and other observable behavior

Back 75

Physical Health

Front 76

Reasoning processes, capacity for short and long-term memory, and expressions of curiosity, humor, logic, and creativity

Back 76

Mental/Intellectual Health

Front 77

Emotions, coping skills, self-control, self-acceptance, and expression of feelings in socially accepted ways

Back 77

Emotional Health

Front 78

Social skills, interactions in different environments, and respect and acceptance for others

Back 78

Social Health

Front 79

Comfort with ourselves, relationships with others, personal value systems, and a meaningful purpose in life

Back 79

Spiritual Health