Hearth

Front 1

Cardiology

Back 1

study of heart

Front 2

Angiology

Back 2

science of blood vessels

Front 3

Hematology

Back 3

study of blood

Front 4

Arteries

Back 4

-carry blood away from the heart

-Thick walled and can resist high blood pressure

-also called RESISTANCE VESSEL

Front 5

Veins

Back 5

-Towards the heart

-Thin walled, stretch
-CAPACITANCE VESSEL

Front 6

Capillaries

Back 6

-Small thin walled, interconnect arteries and veins

-Exchange of gases, waste and nutritions

-EXCHANGE VESSEL

Front 7

Great vessels

Back 7

major arteries and veins leaving and entering the heart

Front 8

Pulmonary circuit

Back 8

Carry blood to the lungs for gaseous exchange and returns it to the heart

Front 9

Systematic circuit

Back 9

carry blood to the tissues and returns it to the heart

Front 10

Stethoscope

Back 10

Device for auscalutation(listen to normal and abnormal internal sounds)

Heart sounds ass through the pericardium, surrounding tissues and the chest wall

Front 11

Sphygmomanometer

Back 11

Device used to measure blood pressure

Front 12

Electrocardiograph (EKG, ECG)

Back 12

-Diagnostic tool that measures and records the electrical activities of the heart

Front 13

Catheter

Back 13

-small diameter long, flexible plastic tube , inserted into large artery of arm or leg and guided to plaque in the coronary artery. Catheder can remove single soft plaque

Front 14

Defibrillator

Back 14

two large paddle shaped electrodes pressed against the skin of the chest to stop cardiac arrest

Front 15

Stent

Back 15

metallic, wire tube placed in arterz to keep open and permit blood flow

Front 16

Balloon angioplasty

Back 16

catheter tip contains inflatable balloon

In position balloon gets inflated, compressing the plaque against the vessel wall

Front 17

Coronary bypass surgery

Back 17

Taking arery or vein to create detour around the obstructed portion of coronary artery

Front 18

Pulse

Back 18

-Where artery compress against the bone

-Count the rate per minute

Front 19

Heart info

Back 19

-12cm from apex to base

-weights 300g

-protected within the ribs and diapraghm

Front 20

Pericardium

Back 20

Membrane that surrounds and protects the hearth

Front 21

Fibrous pericardium

Back 21

Tough, dense, irregular connective tissue with collagen fibers

Front 22

Serous pericardium

Back 22

a) parietal pericardium-outer layer,fused with fibrous pericardium

Fib+Par=Paricardial disc

b)Visceral pericardium-part contact with heart

Loose connective tissue of visceral pericardium called epicardium bound to the cardiac muscle

Front 23

Pericardial cavity

Back 23

gap between pariteal and visceral pericaridum

Front 24

Pericardial fluid

Back 24

cavity is filled with a thin film of serous fluid, secreted by pericardial cells

Front 25

Epicardium

Back 25

-thin tissue

-Outermost layer with simple squamous epithelium

Front 26

Myocardium

Back 26

-Cardiac muscle, responsible for pumping action of heart

-atrial myocardium is thin and ventricular is thick

Front 27

Endocardium

Back 27

Inner surface, simple squamous epithelium

Front 28

Cardiomyocytes

Back 28

cells with single centrally placed nucleus

-

Front 29

Intercalated discs

Back 29

-Unique wall between two adjacent cardiocytes to attach myofibrils and separate each cells

Front 30

Gap junctions

Back 30

Move ions and molecules for direct electrical connection between two cells

Front 31

Fibrous skeleton

Back 31

Cardiomyocytes wrapped in a strong (collagen), elastic (elastin) connective tissue sheath. Extensive connective tissue network is called fibrous skeleton

-Electrically isolates the atrial myocardium from the ventricular myocardium

Front 32

Coronary sinus

Back 32

Veins collect blood from walls, and deliver to the coronary sinus

Front 33

Pectinate muscles (musculi pectinati)

Back 33

internal ridges of myocrdium in the right atrium and both auricles

Front 34

Fossa ovalis

Back 34

in 5week of embyotic stage septums communicate with eachother through opening FORAMEN OVALE. 48h after birth it permanently closes leaving small depression called FOSSA OVALIS.

If it doesnt close->cardiac enlargement, fluid buildup in lungs and HA

Front 35

Coronary artery

Back 35

after aorta leaves the left ventricle, it gives off right and left coronary artery. Right and left coronary arteirs are first brances of aorta. Blood presure here is the highest

Front 36

Arterial anastomosis

Back 36

Point where two arteries come together and combine their blood flow to further downstream. This serving as backup routes for blood to flow if one link is blocked or compromised

Front 37

Thebesian veins

Back 37

smallest cardiac veins originate from cardiac arteriole and opens into right ventricle

Front 38

Cardiac veins

Back 38

-collect blood from smaller veins, delover blood to coronary sinus

Front 39

Authorytmycity

Back 39

human heart is myogenic (heartbeat originating from muscle fiber). Without any stimulation heart will still contract

Front 40

Conducting cells

Back 40

incapable of undergoing powerful contraction called conducting cells
a) Nodal cells- establish contraction

b) Conducting fibers- distribute the contractile stimulus to the general myocardium

Front 41

SA NODE of CARDIAC PACEMAKER

Back 41

-depolarizing nodal cells->reach treshold->all other nodal cells treshold->PACEMAKER CELLS

Front 42

AV NODE

Back 42

-Electrical gateway to the ventricle

-Can become pacemaker (SECONDARY PACEMAKER)

Front 43

Bundle of his

Back 43

Devides into right/left bundle branch

Front 44

Artificial pacemaker

Back 44

Device that sends out small electrical currents, stimulate heart to contract.

Front 45

Heartbeat

Back 45

Atrial systole-0.1 s

Ventricular systole-0.3 s

Quiescent period-0.4 s

Front 46

Origin of heartbeat

Back 46

SA node impulse->Heartbeat->Spread into atria and to AV node->bundle of his->right/left bundle brances->Purkinje fibers--moderator band-->Papillary muscles.

Atrial contraction complete, ventricular begins

Front 47

Electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG)

Back 47

-Intrument to record electrical activity-< electrocardiograph

Front 48

LUBB sound

Back 48

closure of AV valves, during ventricular systole. Louder, longer

Front 49

DUPP sounds

Back 49

Closure of semilunar valves. Short, soft

Front 50

Third and fourth sounds

Back 50

Blood flowing in to the ventricle and atrial contraction. Usually very quiet, not audible in adults. In children it is called triple rhythm or gallop

Front 51

PMI (point of maximal impulse)

Back 51

-Where you best feel heartbeat

Front 52

Cardiac cycle

Back 52

Events during a complete heartbeat (from start of one heart beat to beginning of another)

Consist of sequence of interdependent electrical and mechanical events

Front 53

Systole

Back 53

contraction phase. Chamber eject blood into another chamber or to the blood vessel

Front 54

Diastole

Back 54

Relaxation phase. Fills with blood and prepares for the start of the next cardiac cycle.

Front 55

Ventricular filling

Back 55

During atrial systole AV valves open and blood flows into the ventricles. There are three stages:

-rapid ventricular filling

-Diastasis or slower ventricular filling

-Atrial systole to complete filling process

Front 56

End diastolic volume (EDV)

Back 56

End of ventricular filling each ventricle contains maximum amount of blood

- In adult, at rest, it is 130ml

Front 57

Isovolumetric contraction

Back 57

AV valve closes, S1 occurs (lubb). All four valves remain closed so blood doesnt go anywhere. Ventricles tries to contract but there is no change in their volume.

Front 58

Ventricular ejection

Back 58

Ventricular start contraction (iso-tonic)

-first rapid ejection

-reduced ejection

-will not eject all

-healthy heart eject 70ml (Stroke volume)

-remained blood called End-systolic volume (ESV)

Front 59

Isovolumetric relaxation

Back 59

-ventricle begins to expand, fibrous skeleton over the cardiocytes expands

-semi lunar valves closed, S2 (dubb) sound occur

-All four valves are closed (iso-volumetric)

Front 60

Cardiac output (CO)

Back 60

-Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute

-L/min

-dependand on Heart rate and Stroke volume

Front 61

Cardiac index

Back 61

CO per square meter of body surface.

-

Front 62

Vigorous exercise increases CO as much as 21L/ min

Front 63

Cardiac reserve

Back 63

The work that the heart is able to perform beyond that required of it under ordinary circumstances.

Difference between maximum and resting cardiac output.

Front 64

Venous return

Back 64

Primary controller of CO: Flow of blood to the heart from the veins

Front 65

Stroke volume (SV)

Back 65

Volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat. P

Front 66

Preload

Back 66

Pressure that heart has when relaxing. Depends on venoius return

Front 67

Contractility

Back 67

contraction of ventricle, more powerful->faster

Front 68

Afterload

Back 68

Pressure of contracting heart. Work heart has to do to push blood into the aorta and around the body.

Front 69

Heart rate (HR)

Back 69

Measure by taking pulse

Front 70

Tachycardia

Back 70

Persisten resting adult HR above 100

Front 71

Bradycardia

Back 71

Persistent resting HR below 60 bpm

Front 72

Effect of chemicals on heart rate

Back 72

Calcium: hypercalcemia
Potassium: Hypokalemia
Nicotine, Caffeine, Chocolate

Front 73

Pericarditis

Back 73

inflamattion of pericardium, due to infection or radiation therapy. Resist expansion of heart

Front 74

Cardiac tamponade

Back 74

Abnormal accumulation of fluid or clotted blood in pericardial cavity

Front 75

Infective endocarditis

Back 75

Bacterial infection of endocardium

Front 76

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Back 76

Mitral valve cusps do not close properly.

Front 77

Heart murmur

Back 77

Rushing sound. MVP show it.

Front 78

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Back 78

ductus arteriosus remained open, which increase pulmonary trunk blood pressure

Front 79

Atrial septal defect

Back 79

Fetal foramen ovale of interatrial septum fails to close after birth

Front 80

Tetralogy of Fallot or blue baby

Back 80

Cyanosis in infants (bluish discoloration in nail bed and musuc membrane)

Front 81

Cor Pulmonale

Back 81

Right ventricular hypertrophy due to obstructed pulmonary circulation

Front 82

Arteriosclerosis

Back 82

Hardening of arterioles as a result of sustained high blood pressure. Arterioles lose elasticity

Front 83

Atheroschlerosis

Back 83

Yellow plaque in arteries called atheroma formed from fatty deposits.

Front 84

Cardiac arrhythmias

Back 84

abnormal patterns of cardiac electrical activity

abnormal rhythm

Front 85

Cardiac arrest

Back 85

sudden unexprected cessation of an effective heartbeat

Front 86

Bradycardia

Back 86

Heart rate is slower than normal (50-)

Front 87

Tacycardia

Back 87

Fater than normal HR (100+)

Front 88

Fibrillation

Back 88

very rapid, uncoordinated heartbeats

Front 89

Atrial fibrillation

Back 89

Atria quiver insted of contraction

-symptoms are shortness of breath and palpitation (uncomfortable sensation in chest)

Front 90

Ventricular Fibrillation

Back 90

Ventricle quiver rather then contract

Front 91

Heart block

Back 91

Electrical pathway between the atria and ventricles are blocked

Front 92

Angina pectoris

Back 92

Obstruction of coronary artery and the resulting in chest pain. In the abscence of O2, cardiomyocytes shifts to anaerobic respiration and produce lactic acid, which stimulate nociceptors

Front 93

Myocardial infarction (MI) or Heart Attack

Back 93

Sudden death of patch of myocardium resulting from long term obstruction of coronary circulation or atheroma

-Weakens heart wall

-lack of oxygen, death of cardiac muscle cell

-infarct (nonfuctional area). Later replaced with scar tissue (RHCP)