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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Frank Starling Mechanism
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As cardiac failure progresses, end diastolic pressure increases, causing individual cardiac muscle fibers to stretch ultimately increasing volume of cardiac chamber.
The fibers initially contract more forcibly, increasing cardiac output. |
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Location of the heart
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W/in the mediastinum of the medial cavity of the thorax
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Layers of the Heart
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1) endocardium: inntermost layer, simple squamous endo. continuous w/ bloo vessels, smooth to prevent activating clotting.
2) myocardium: middle layer, cardiac muscle, contracts & propels blood 3) epicardium: outer layer, serous membrane & some fat |
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Mycardial Infarction
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depriving the heart muscle of O2 (ischemia)
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Problems associated w/ atheroma formation
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1. atheroma can rupture, ulcerate, or erode
2. lipid core can break loose and cause atheroemboli 3. fibrous capsule or blood vessel can rupture causing hemorrhage into plaque > HEMATOMA 4. deprivation of nutrients to tunica media can weaken & kill elastic tissue leading to overall vessel weaknes predisposing to aneurism 5. widespread plaques raise BP leading to any of the above |
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Most common cause of MI
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occlusion of coronary artery by atheroma
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Most common cause of CVA
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occlusion of brain artery by atheroma
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atherosclerosis
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artery wall thickens as a result of build up of atheromas (fatty plaques)
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fibrinolysis
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getting rid of a formed clot
1. plasminogen in clot from beginning 2. endothelial cells release plasminogen activator 3. turns plasminogen into active plasmin 4. plasmin destroys fibring mesh of clot causing it to dissolve |
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intrinsic vessel damage pathway
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1. blood vessel damaged
2. vascular spasm to decrease blood flow 3. damage to endothelium 4. w/in 1 minute platelets adhere to exposed connective tissue of damaged vessel--form initial plug 5. platelets stop nitial bleeding & initiate clotting cascade 6. coagulation cascade 7. end result is fibrin mesh (a clot) |
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layers of blood vessels (except capillaries)
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1. Tunica Intima: "endothelium" simple squamous epi. - continuous w/ endocardium
2. Tunica Media: elastic fibers and smooth muscle creates muscular and elastic arteries 3. Tunica Adventia: (externa) serous membrane and connective tissue |
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#2 what are the components of decreased risk of developing atherosclerosis
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^HDLs
Exercise Ethanol Omega-3 Fatty Acids |
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#! What factors increase the "bad" type of cholesterol?
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LDL
genes, diet of high sat. fats [animal fats], smoking, lack of exercise, DM, &obesity |
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#15 From the beginning how does atherosclerosis form & path it could follow:
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1. high blood cholesterol (high LDL low HDL)
2.fatty streaks form 3. endothelial injury, WBCs adhere, smooth muscle cells migrate frome media to intima, engolv LDL (= foam cells) 4. connective tissue migrates 5. neovascularization *under the plaque the elastin layer is very thin & could lead to anerysm and/or vessel rupture |
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What do Systolic and Diastolic pressures measure?
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120/80 - S/D
Systolic: is the squeezing of the ventricles as they push blood out of the heart and along the arteries to either the body or the lungs Diastolic: when the heart relaxes after diastolic squeezing |
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Events of atherosclerosis:
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1. Fatty streaks when young
2. Start smoking and eating crap 3. Injured endothelium & subsequent inflammation 4. macrophages and smooth muscle cells engulf lipid in fatty streak 5. atheroma formed 6. blood vessel becomes partially blocked by plaque 7. capsule of plaque ruptures and forms clot 8. MI if cornary vessel or CVA if brain |
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What has best prognosis for MI?
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Subendocardial infarct w/ thrombus removed w/in 15 minutes of initial blockage.
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Will a patient that dies suddenly with an MI show heart muscle damage at autopsy?
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No
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Can we make new heart muscle cells to replace dead or damaged cells?
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No
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Chronic atherosclerosis and/or hypertension would cause problems in the ____ chamber of the heart first.
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Left ventricle
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COPD would cause problems in the ____ camber of the heart first.
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right ventricle
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When the left ventricle hypertrophies the main problem that results is...
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The lumen is too small to handle the proper amount of blood
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What conditions predispose to cor Pulmonale?
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-COPD
-Primary damage to pulmonary vessels - disorders that affect chest movement -chronic altitude sickness |
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What are effects of systemic high blood pressure?
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Left ventricular hypertrophy
Heart faiulure Kidney failure Hypertensive Retinopathy -left vent. swells/hypertrophies |
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What isindicative of a Creatine Kinase lab value?
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MI OR skeletal muscle damage
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#8 What vessles are likely to experience congestion in a pt. w/ a chronic lung problem?
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Right vent dialates > right atrium dialates > blood backs up into venous system
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Renin Angiotensin cascade
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Renin
Angiotensin 1 Angiotensin 2 Aldosterone |
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What effects are seen secondary to CHF, especially in the heart?
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forward hypoxia and backward congestion
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In an AAA what part of the vessel is weakened?
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The tunica media
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