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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cardiac Progenitor Cells
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- migrate to visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm (week 3)
- form blood islands and cardiac myoblasts cephalically - make up cardiogenic field |
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Cardiogenic Field
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- coalesces to form the endocardial tubes (week 3)
- horse-shoe shaped |
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Heart Tube Formation
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- a result of lateral body folding and the fusion of endocardial tubes
- forms dorsal mesocardium (myocardium) |
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Cardiac Jelly
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- between myocardium and endothelium
- contains hyaluronic acid |
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Bulbus Cordis
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- will be right ventricle
- attached to truncus arteriosus |
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Primitive Ventricle
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- will be left ventricle
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Primitive Atrium
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- will be atria
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Sinus Venosus
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- sinus horns
- right side will be SVC, IVC - left side will be coronary sinus, right atrium - each side (horn) gives rise to vitelline, umbilical, and cardinal veins - becomes part of atrial wall (sinus venarum of right atrium) |
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Vasculogenesis
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- formation of blood vessels from blood islands
- in yolk sac: extraembryonic mesoderm - in embryo: intraembryonic mesoderm (lateral plate mesoderm) |
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Angiogenesis
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- formation of blood vessels from existing vessels
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Dorsal Aortae
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- paired
- concurrent with heart - connect to endocardial tube - mesenchyme - near notochord - connected to bulbus cordis - form dorsoventral loop |
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Cardiac Loop Formation
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- bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle move caudally, right
- primitive atrium, sinus venosus move cranially, left - week 4 |
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Conus Cordis
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- outflow of ventricles
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Conotruncal Portion
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- primitive right ventricle (bulbus cordis)
- conus cordis (new formation) - truncus arteriosus (will form ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk) |
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Ventricle Trabeculae
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- form in weeks 4-5
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Bulboventricular Sulcus
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- primary interventricular foramen, internally (right and left ventricles are not separated)
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Dextrocardia
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- abnormal, opposite looping of the heart tube
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Crista Terminalis
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- boundary of derivatives of sinus venosus and primitive atrium
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Cardiac Septation
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- septa grow via ridges (endocardial cushions) that fuse
- septa grow via differential growth |
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Endocardial Cushions
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- induced by myocardium
- ventral and dorsal cushions develop in atrioventricular canal - septum intermedium forms right and left atrioventricular (AV) canals |
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Atrial Septation
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- two stage process of sickle-shaped septa growth
- septum primum and septum secundum |
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Septum Primum
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- grows toward septum intermedium
- central foramen primum - late week 4 |
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Foramen Secundum
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- forms in septum primum after foramen primum closes
- a result of apoptotic activity |
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Septum Secundum
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- stiffer than septum primum
- forms adjacent to septum primum - stimulated to form in response to the incorporation of sinus venosus into atrium - week 6 |
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Foramen Ovale
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- in septum secundum
- week 7 - blod passes from right atrium, through foramen ovale, through foramen secundum, and into left atrium - closes at birth (fossa ovalis) |
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Pulmonary Veins
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- initially a single embryonic pulmonary vein
- incorporated into left atrium wall during growth - eventually four distinct openings |
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Ventricle Septation
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- via muscle and endocardial cushion growth
- completed with separation of outflow vessels (aortic and pulmonary) - week 4 to week 7 -interventricular foramen remains open |
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Conotruncal Septum
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- division of outflow tube into ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
- weeks 5 to 7 - formed from truncus swellings - neural crest cells contribute - grows into ventricle, joining muscular, membranous septa - completes interventricular septum |
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Truncus Swellings
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- form conotruncal septum
- on conus cordis, truncus arteriosus - grow toward each other - spiral pattern |
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Aorticopulmonary Septum
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- merging of the truncus swellings in the truncus arteriosus
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Conus Septum
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- merging of the truncus swellings in the conus cordis
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Semilunar Valves
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- develop where conus septum and aorticopulmonary septa meet
- include neural crest cells - formed from swellings in truncus arteriosus (anterior, posterior, right and left) - right and left swellings join - results in three-leaf valves |
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Heart Conduction System - Pacemaker
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- pacemaker initially in ventricle region of heart tube
- switches to sinus venosus |
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Heart Conduction System - SA Node
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- SA node in week 5 (in right atrium with sinus venosus fusion)
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Heart Conduction System - AV Node
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- AV node, AV bundle from superior to endocardial cushions, form cells of sinus venosus and right atrium
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Ventral Septal Defect (VSD)
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- most common heart defect (12/10,000)
- typically in membranous portion - incomplete interventricular septum - pulmonary trunk volume too high - other abnormalities common |
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Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
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- less common than VSD (6.4/10,000)
- potentially caused by over-resorption of septum primum, poor septum secundum development, failure to develop triloculare biventriculare - patent foramen ovale |
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Tricuspid Atresia
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- lack of right AV valve
- co-occurs with many other defects |
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Tetralogy of Fallot ("Blue Baby")
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- most common conotruncal defect
- non-fatal - uneven conotruncal septum formation - results in conotruncal stenosis, interventricular defect, overriding aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle |
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Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
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- 1/10,000 births
- conotruncal septum defect - outflow drains both right ventricle and left ventricle -ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk fuse - associated VSD |
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Transposition of Great Vessels
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- 5/10,000
- conotruncal septum unspiraled - aorta collects right ventricle - pulmonary trunk collects left ventricle - ductus arteriosus usually patent |
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Valvular stenosis (or atresia)
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- 3.5/10,000
- stenosis of aorta (valve small, aorta normal) - atresia of aorta (left ventricle small, patent ductus arteriosus as right ventricle shunt) |
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Ductus Arteriosus
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- joining between aortic arch and pulmonary trunk
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