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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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first signs of heart formation |
endothelial precursor cell (EPC) clusters in horseshoe shape w/in intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm |
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first heart field/cardiac crescent |
EPC clusters + splanchnic mesoderm |
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EPCs form |
two primitive endocardial tubes |
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first aortic arch |
form when cranial ends of dorsal aorta are dragged ventrally along with the heart |
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inflow into the heart |
right and left common cardinal veins, vitelline veins, and umbilical veins |
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primary heart tube wall contents |
endocardium, myocardium, cardiac jelly (b/t endo- and myocardium) |
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sinus venosus |
where sinus horns come together; collect umbilical, vitelline, and C.C. venous blood |
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Primitive atrium |
receives blood from sinus venosus |
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Atrioventricular region |
separates atrium from ventricle |
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Primitive ventricle |
future left ventricle |
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Outflow tract/bulbus cordis |
forms most of the right ventricle, conus arteriosus, and truncus arteriosus |
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aortic sac |
confluens of aortic arch blood vessels |
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when does heart muscle start contracting? |
day 22 |
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dorsal mesocardium |
1. suspends the heart tube 2. ruptures 3. forms transverse sinus 4. caudal remnants => proepicardial organ |
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First major step for cardiac septation? |
cardiac looping - reverse atrial and ventricular positions |
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driver of cardiac looping? |
second heart field adding myocardial tissue at both ends of the simple tubular heart |
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primitive ventricle folds to the right? |
dextrocardia |
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what usually accompanies dextrocardia? |
situs inversus (other organs reversed as well) |
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where does the sinus venosus opening shift? |
toward the right atrium |
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left vitelline, umbilical and C.C. veins |
disappear (C.C. is later) |
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remnants of the left sinus horn |
coronary sinus |
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sinus venarum |
smooth portion of right atrial wall -right sinus horn, roots of right vitelline and C.C. veins |
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right C.C. v fate |
superior vena cava |
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right vitelline v. fate |
inferior vena cava |
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right umbilical v. fate |
disappears |
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SA node origins |
right sinus horn or right C.C. vein |
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Differential growth |
muscular interventricular and atrial septa, never fully closes |
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Endocardial cushion tissue |
form new CT in the AV region and conotruncus -form membranous/fibrous portions of atrial and ventricular septa |
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AV septum formation |
superior and inferior cushions fuse at midline + new growth up and down |
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Conotruncal ridges |
filled with mesenchyme from endocardium and migrating neural crest cells; cushion tissue contributes to interventricular septum |
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division of conus arteriosus |
blood from LV and RV go out different vessels |
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truncus arteriosus division |
make aorta and pulmonary trunk |
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septation of atrium: |
septum primum and septum secundum form |
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septum primum |
sickle shaped, extends from atrial wall toward AV septum hole called ostium primum |
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ostium primum closure |
AV septum grows up to cover first hole, second hole towards cranial end (ostium secundum) forms |
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Septum secundum |
sickle-shaped, grows toward AV septum, overlaps ostium secundum opening remains = foramen ovale (overlapped by septum primum) |
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ventricular septation |
formation of interventricular septum |
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muscular part of IV septum |
differential growth of ventricular wall |
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fibrous part of IV septum |
closes interventricular foramen, originates from cushion tissue of conotruncal ridges & AV septum |
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aortic arch III & IV |
connect left ventricle to the body |
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aortic arch VI |
connect right ventricle to the lungs |
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AV canal shifts... |
to the right side |
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conotruncal ridges |
new cushion tissue, spiral down toward ventricular septum and eventually fuse to form conotruncal septum |
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conotruncal ridges in upper truncus |
turned 180 and are parallel to the interventricular septum |
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cells of the spiraling ridges |
migrating neural crest cells and endocardial-derived cushion tissue |
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primordium for semilunar valves of aorta and pulmonary trunk from... |
conotruncal septum at truncus/conus junction |
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right atrium blood inflow from |
SVC, IVC, coronary sinus, anterior cardiac veins |
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right atrium wall |
smooth part (sinus venarum) and rough part (pectinate muscles), separated by crista terminalis |
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right auricle |
conical muscular pouch projecting toward left from RA, overlaps ascending aorta |
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Fossa ovalis |
remnant of foramen ovale |
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lining of the right ventricle |
trabeculae carnae, contains papillary muscles |
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moderator band |
RV, large trabeculae that crosses the cavity from IV septum to anterior papillary muscle helps prevent over expansion, carries right branch of AV bundle |
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Tricuspid valve |
3 valvular cusps (A, P, septal) |
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Papillary muscles |
extend from wall to valves via chordae tendinae 3 sets to associate w/ 3 valves |
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Pulmonary semilunar valve |
3 cusps (anterior, left, right), concaved when looking down |
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left atrium |
four pulmonary veins enter posterior wall (no valves), slightly thicker walls, smooth area & pectinate muscle area |
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left ventricle |
forms apex of heart, 2-3X thicker than right 2 major papillary muscles (anterior, posterior), mitral (bicuspid) valve, aortic orifice, interventricular septum |
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aortic orifice |
surrounded by fibrous ring w/ 3 semilunar valves |
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cardiac skeleton |
central support of the heart; surrounds AV canals, origins of pulm. trunk and aorta, membranous portions of interatrial and interventricular septa electrical insulator |
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right and left coronary arteries branch from |
ascending aorta |
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right coronary artery (RCA) |
supplies RA, SA node (~55%), RV, interatrial septum and AV node (posterior interventricular branch) |
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RCA origin |
right aortic sinus |
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path of RCA |
goes inferiorly, giving off R marginal branch, passes posterior along coronary sulcus, terminates as posterior interventricular branch (w/in post. IV groove) |
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anastomosis of posterior IV branch? |
with anterior IV branch from left coronary a. |
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AV nodal artery |
branch of RCA that supplies AV node 80-85% of the time |
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SA nodal artery |
branch of RCA 55%, LCA 15-20%, both 25-30% |
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Left coronary artery (LCA) |
supplies most of LV, LA, IV septum including AV bundles |
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terminal branches of LCA |
anterior interventricular and circumflex branch |
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larger anterior interventricular branch (LAD) |
runs in ant. IV groove to apex and connects w/ post. IV branch of RCA |
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circumflex branch (smaller) |
follows coronary groove to post., terminates just left of posterior IV groove, anastomoses w/ end of RCA supplies LA, left surface of heart, base of LV |
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right coronary is dominant |
~50% - crosses to left side to supply LV and IVS |
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left coronary is dominant |
~20% - send branches to RV |
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balanced coronary circulation |
~30% |
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accessory coronary |
~4% |
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Coronary sinus |
75% venous blood returns; input from great cardiac v., middle cardiac v., small cardiac v. |
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anterior cardiac veins |
on anterior surface of RV, crosses over AV groove, ends directly in RA |
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Thebesian veins |
returns coronary blood back directly into the lumen of the heart |
