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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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8 characteristics of the heart |
1) Branching fibers 2) Striated 3) Intercalated discs 4) Single, centrally located nuclei 5) Abundant mitochondria 6) Lipid droplets 7) Cytoplasmic granules (atria) ANF 8) Sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubules form diads instead of triads |
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What are the 3 cell-to-cell proteins of intercalated discs? |
- Adherens junctions - Desmosomes - Gap junctions |
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What role do desmosomes serve in cardiac muscle? |
Mechanical couple the cells to synchronize them, like the swimmer squirting water through his hands |
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Atrial natriuretic factor (6) |
- When there is high blood volume, the atria release ANF - ANF acts on kidney telling it to decrease Na+ reabsorption into the blood - Fluid follows Na+ concentration by osmosis, exiting the blood to the kidney - Blood volume decreases - Urine output increases - Also vasodilates blood vessels |
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Karykinesis |
Hypertrophy of the heart, when cells undergo mitosis without cytokinesis (never split) |
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Cardiomyopathy What 4 types |
Inability of the heart muscle to contract properly and pump enough blood to meet demands of the body 1) hypertrophic 2) dilated 3) restrictive 4) ischemic |
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Dilated cardiomyopathy (2) |
- When the heart can't build enough pressure (force) to push blood out - will have blood back up |
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Restrictive cardiomyopathy |
- Movement of heart is restricted due to damage to the cells - heart won't be able to relax enough to fill |
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Ischemic cardiomyopathy |
Blockage of coronary blood vessels |
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4 consequences of cardiomyopathy |
1) Misalignment of myocytes 2) Disruption of electrical impulses 3) Sarcomere mutations (genetic) 4) Fibrosis (damage) of myocardium |
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Layers of the heart, from superficial to deep |
1) Fibrous 2) Parietal layer of serous pericardium 3) Pericardial cavity 4) Visceral layer of serous pericardium 5) Myocardium 6) Endocardium |
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Tunica adventitia of heart |
Fibrous pericardium Continuous with the adventitia of the vessels |
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Tunica media of heart |
Myocardium |
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Tunica intima of heart Made up of what? |
Endocardium Endothelial cells and CT with smooth muscle |
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Subendocardial layer of heart |
Contains the conduction system |
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What is the fibrous pericardium made up of? |
Dense and loose CT |
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What are the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium made up of? |
Loose CT and serous mesothelium |
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Coronary arteries Location? When is it easier for them to fill? Why? What consequence does effusion of the pericardial cavity have for them? |
Epicardium into the myocardium Easier to fill during diastole bc the myocardium is relaxed and looser Effusion makes it harder for them to fill, so the heart won't be getting enough blood |
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What is the fibrous skeleton made up of? |
Dense, irregular CT |
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What types of cells are AV valves made up of? Why is this good? What else are they made up of? |
Endothelial cells They're not sticky so things can float by Collagen and elastin |
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What are the 3 layers of the AV valves? |
Spongiosa - endothelium - atrial side Fibrosa - CT Ventricularis - endothelium - ventricular side |
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What type of tissue is the SA node? What are 5 characteristics of it? |
Myocytes, despite looking nothing like the others Thin Irregular Few striations Pale Surrounded by collagen and elastin |
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What type of tissue are Purkinje fibers? What are 5 characteristics of them? |
Myocytes 1) Pale 2) Large cells 3) Intercalating discs 4) Glycogen 5) Myofibrils are in the peripheral part of the cell |
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What 4 parts of the heart do the sympathetic nerves innervate? |
1) SA node 2) AV node 3) Directly on atria and ventricles 4) Dilates coronary vessels |
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What 5 parts of the heart do the parasympathetic nerves innervate? |
1) SA node 2) AV node 3) Atrial walls 4) Interatrial septum 5) Vasoconstricts coronary vessels |
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Which controls ventricular contractility (degree to which ventricles contract), sympathetic or parasympathetic? How does it do this? |
Sympathetic By opening or closing Ca2+ channels |
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What is the average heart beat of a healthy person? What is the default rate of the SA node? What compensates for this difference? |
Average rate = 60 bpm SA node = 100 bpm Parasympathetic is constantly telling the heart to slow down |
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Which types of blood vessel has the lowest compliance? |
Arterioles |
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Vasovasorum What it does Where it's located |
Brings blood to the different layers of the blood vessel In the tunica adventitia |
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Metarteriole |
An arteriole venous anastomosis Going from any artery to a vein without an intermediate capillary bed |
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Pericytes |
Contractile cells which act as precapillary sphincters
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Pre-capillary sphincters What Controlled by sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation? |
Pulsate to allow for more or less blood to enter capillary beds Controlled by sympathetic nerves |
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3 types of capillaries What 3 characteristics differentiates them from one another? |
1) Continuous 2) Fenestrated 3) Sinusoid Thickness of basement membrane Permeability of basement membrane and endothelia cells How things are transported through endothelial cells |
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Continuous capillaries |
Tight junctions which create a very selective barrier Brain - blood brain barrier Testes - don't want immune system seeing developing sperm, will identify as not self Exocrine glands Nervous tissue Muscle Lungs |
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Fenestrated capillaries |
Have pores for to allow a small amount of proteins to pass through Endocrine glands Kidney Gut |
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Sinusoidal capillaries |
Very holey basement membrane and endothelial cells -> no tight junctions, making it very permeable Spleen Liver Bone marrow Endocrine glands |
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What is the consequence of the basement membrane getting thicker, such as in diabetes? Which 3 places is this a concern? |
It's harder for nutrients to pass through Kidney Retina Skin |
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What are the roles of endothelial cells in the blood vessels? |
1) Semipermeable barrier between blood and tissue 2) Mediate bidirectional exchange 3) Non-thrombogenic surface, don't produce clots 4) Regulate local vascular tone and blood flow by releasing factors which stimulate vasoconstriction and dilation 5) Play a role in inflammation and immune response |
