Heart Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 20 Jkjkhardcore

Front 1

2 circuits of the heart

Back 1

pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit

Front 2

arteries carry blood

Back 2

away from the heart

Front 3

veins carry blood ...

Back 3

to the heart

Front 4

Capillaries

Back 4

aka exchange vessles, thin walls for exchange

Front 5

Amount of times the heart beats a day amount of liters

Back 5

100k times a day
8000 liters

Front 6

2 chambers for pulmonary circulation

Back 6

right ventricle
right atrium

Front 7

2 chambers of the heart for systemic circulation

Back 7

left atrium
left ventricle

Front 8

Apex

Back 8

Inferior pointed tip of the heart

Front 9

sice of an adult heart

Back 9

5inches long 3 inches wide and 2.5 inches thick

Front 10

Where is the heart located

Back 10

Mediastinum

Front 11

What surrounds the heart

Back 11

the pericardial cavity surrounds the heart

Front 12

The lining of the pericardial cavity is called the

Back 12

Pericardium

Front 13

Two parts of the pericardium

Back 13

The visceral pericardium
The parietal pericardium

Front 14

What lines the inner surface of the pericardial sac?

Back 14

The parietal pericardium

Front 15

Average pressure in the systemic end of the heart, and which side is it??

Back 15

120mmHg The left side

Front 16

Average pressure in the pulmonary side of the heart and which side is it?

Back 16

About 25-30 mmHg on the Right side

Front 17

The part of the heart that composes of 95% of it's mass

Back 17

The myocardial layer of the heart accounts for 75% of it's bulk

Front 18

The center of the cardiovascular system

Back 18

The heart

Front 19

The heart triple pump T/F?

Back 19

False it's a double pump

Front 20

Fibrous pericardium
3 of it's functions, it's anatomy and location (what part of what is it?)

Back 20

Dense reg. ct w collagen fibers
its the outer layer of the pericardium keeps heart from stretching is protective and anchors the heart in place

Front 21

Inner part of the pericardium the serious pericardium is what type of membrane?
what are two parts of it? what are their functions?

Back 21

Serious membrane with two parts
parietal lines the fibrous
the visceral doubles over and covers the organ adhering tightly to the heart.

Front 22

The visceral pericardium is aka

Back 22

epicardium

Front 23

what is the small space btw the parietal and visceral furcaes ? how much fluid can be held here(about)

Back 23

the pericardial cavity normally contains 15-50 mL of pericardial fluid that acts as a lubricant reducint friction btw the surfaces.

Front 24

paricarditis

Back 24

inflammation of the pericardium
can hear it w a stethoscope.

Front 25

Cardiac tamponade

Back 25

when traumatic injuries (stab wounds) or accumulation of pericardial fluid produce bleeding in the p-c cavity

Front 26

Auricles of the heart

Back 26

aka atrial appendage
wrinkly flaps (when heart is not filled with blood) located on the outer portion of the atria

Front 27

Coronary sulcus

Back 27

deep groove marks the boarder of the atria and ventricles

Front 28

shallow depressions on the heart on the boarder of the left and right ventricles

Back 28

posterior interventricular sulcus
anterior interventricular sulcus

Front 29

3 layers of the heart

Back 29

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

Front 30

Which layer is the visceral pericardium, consisting of an exposed mesothelium and underlying layer of loose arealar ct

Back 30

Epicardium

Front 31

Which layer of the heart is a muscular wall and forms the atria and ventricles, consisting of concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue

Back 31

Myocardium

Front 32

The inner surfaces of the heart are covered by ____ consisting of squamous epithelial tissue

Back 32

Endocardium

Front 33

How are cardiac muscle cells interconnected?

Back 33

Intercalated discs

Front 34

The endothelial layer of the heart is connecteed to

Back 34

non-cellular basement membrane and ct that anchors it

Front 35

Bacterial colonization issues with pumping can be caused by this problem with the endocardium

Back 35

ednocarditis

Front 36

4 things that distinguish cardiac muscles (from sksletal)

Back 36

1 small size
2 single central nucleus
3.branching interconnections btw cells
4. intercalated discs

Front 37

two junctions and their functions regarding heart muscle cells

Back 37

gap junctions: links them
desmosomes: holds them together

Front 38

epidcardium two types of tissues

Back 38

Mesothelium areolar tissue

Front 39

Endocardium two types of tissues

Back 39

Areolar tissue
Endothelium

Front 40

Parietal pericardium 3 types of tissues

Back 40

Dense fibrious layer
arealar tissue
Mesothelium

Front 41

Cardiac veins dump into, returns blood to the ____ before it is returned into the right atrium

Back 41

coronary sinus

Front 42

After birth the foramen ovales in the atria close and are shallow depressions called

Back 42

Fossa ovalis

Front 43

If the chordae tendoneae were cut, what would happen to the valves

Back 43

they would be useless allowing blood flow in both directions

Front 44

The papillary msucles do what?
What attaches to them? How does that affect valves?

Back 44

They pull on the chordae tendineae to close valves and are connected by a series of muscular ridges called trabeculae carneae: this muscle ridge (moderator band) sends a stimulus for contraction of the pap. muscles so they tense the chordae tendineae before the ventricles contract.

Front 45

bicuspid valve aka (2 of them) and where is it located?

Back 45

mitral valve, left atrioventricular valve, located in the left atrium above the left ventricle

Front 46

The term "Try to be right" helps with what? w respect to valves

Back 46

Try = tricuspid, on the right side.mitrial left

Front 47

VHD

Back 47

valvular heart disease aka
can develop after carditis the heart can't maintain adequate circulatory flow

Front 48

Rheumatic fever

Back 48

an inflammatory autoimmune response to infection by streptoccal bacteria

Front 49

Which side of the heart has lower pressure?

Back 49

The left side (systemic) has high pressure
The right side (pulmonary) has low pressure

Front 50

Where do all the great vessels attach?

Back 50

The base of the heart

Front 51

The biggest vein, the vena cava has larger amounts of pressure and brings blood back to the heart. T/F

Back 51

F it's got little pressure

Front 52

What happens to babies if the foramen ovale doesn't form into the fossa ovalis?

Back 52

Smurfs are born, cyanotic babies

Front 53

Inutero the lungs are not needed they are sealed by the

Back 53

Ligmentum arteriosum

Front 54

cardiac skeleton
aka
made of?
location?
2 functions

Back 54

aka: firbrous skeleton
4 dense bands of elastic tissue
at the bases of the pulmonary runk and aorta.
Stabilize the position fo the heart valves and ventricular muscle cells
they also electrically insulate the aorta cells from the ventricle cells

Front 55

coronary circulation

Back 55

it's the hearts own blood supply

Front 56

coronary arteries
originate where?
How's the bp?

Back 56

gets blood from the aorta, originate at teh base of the ascending aorta, at the aortic sinuses

Front 57

elastic rebound

Back 57

recoil which pushes blood both forward into the systemic circuit and backward through the aortic sinuses and into the coronary arteries

Front 58

right coronary artery

Back 58

follows the coronary sulcus around the heart
1.supplies rt atrium
2. portions of both ventricles
3. portions of the conducting system of the heart (SA & AV nodes)

Front 59

Where does the AV and SA node get their blood from? Which aretery

Back 59

Rt coronary artery

Front 60

where does the posterior interventricular artery get it's blood from? And what does it supply?

Back 60

it gets it from rt coronary artery and supplies the interventricular septum and the adjacent portions of the ventricles.

Front 61

What supplies the marginal arteries

Back 61

The rt coronary artery

Front 62

Left coronary artery

Back 62

supplies the left ventricle
left atrium and interventricular septum.

Front 63

What supplies the circumflex artery

Back 63

the lt coronary artery

Front 64

The Anterior interventricular artery supplies small branches/ interconnections btw arteries called arterial anastomoses, which are important helping the cardiac blood supply:

Back 64

remain constant despite pressure fluctuations.

Front 65

The great cardiac vein begins on the ant. surface of the ventricles, and drins blood from which region?
Where does it empty into?

Back 65

It drains left coronary artery (a part called the anterior interventricular artery)
The great vein empties into the coronary sulcus

Front 66

The Coronary sulcus brings what kind of blund into the heart, and where does it put this blood? (what chamber)

Back 66

Deoxygenated blood from the great vein, puts it near the base of the inf. vena cava, the right atrium

Front 67

what are the 5 veins of the heart

Back 67

great vein,
the middle cardiac vein
the small cardiac vein
the anterior cardiac vein

Front 68

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is

Back 68

complate or partial blockage of the coronary circulation

Front 69

Where does the AV and SA node get their blood from? Which aretery

Back 69

Rt coronary artery

Front 70

where does the posterior interventricular artery get it's blood from? And what does it supply?

Back 70

it gets it from rt coronary artery and supplies the interventricular septum and the adjacent portions of the ventricles.

Front 71

What supplies the marginal arteries

Back 71

The rt coronary artery

Front 72

Left coronary artery

Back 72

supplies the left ventricle
left atrium and interventricular septum.

Front 73

What supplies the circumflex artery

Back 73

the lt coronary artery

Front 74

The Anterior interventricular artery supplies small branches/ interconnections btw arteries called arterial anastomoses, which are important helping the cardiac blood supply:

Back 74

remain constant despite pressure fluctuations.

Front 75

The great cardiac vein begins on the ant. surface of the ventricles, and drins blood from which region?
Where does it empty into?

Back 75

It drains left coronary artery (a part called the anterior interventricular artery)
The great vein empties into the coronary sulcus

Front 76

The Coronary sulcus brings what kind of blund into the heart, and where does it put this blood? (what chamber)

Back 76

Deoxygenated blood from the great vein, puts it near the base of the inf. vena cava, the right atrium

Front 77

what are the 5 veins of the heart

Back 77

great vein,
the middle cardiac vein
the small cardiac vein
the anterior cardiac vein

Front 78

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is

Back 78

complate or partial blockage of the coronary circulation

Front 79

coronary ischemia

Back 79

reduced coronary circulatory supply

Front 80

angina pectoris

Back 80

pain in the chest, can develop from CAD as a symptom

Front 81

common coronary bypass involving the saphenous vein of the leg

Back 81

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Front 82

inserting a balloon, and sometimes stents as well to clear plaque and improve circulation in blood vessels is calledd

Back 82

Balloon angioplasty

Front 83

Pace maker of the heart

Back 83

SA node

Front 84

Describe the Electrical conduction path right after the SA-t=0msec node (4 steps)

Back 84

1. Stimulus spreads across atrial surface reaching AV node (@ t=50msec)
2. 100msec delay at AV node Atrial contractions starts (at t=150msec)
3. impulse travels down the septum-bundle of his and to the purkinje fibers, to the papillary muscles of the right ventricle (t=175msec)
4. impulse is distributed by purkinje fibers and to the ventricular myocardium. At this point ventricles begin to contract (t=225msec)

Front 85

On a 3 point lead of an EKG, what do the:
QRS,
P,
T,
stand for?

Back 85

QRS ventricles contract-depolarize
Tventricles relax-repolarize
P atria contracting-repolarize

Front 86

what does the P-R interval tell us?
What does the Q-T
S-T tell us?

Back 86

P-R time for the atria to contract
Q-T time for the ventricles to contract and relax
S-T tells us the time it takes the ventricles to relax

Front 87

cardiac arrhythmias

Back 87

abnormal patterns of cardiac electrical activity

Front 88

Bradycardia

Back 88

SLow heart rate

Front 89

Tachycardia

Back 89

fast heart rate

Front 90

ectopic pacemaker

Back 90

abnormal signals that can override the SA or AV nodes causing cardiac arrhythmias

Front 91

Contractile cells

Back 91

form the bulk of atrial and ventricle walls, recieve the stimulus from the purkinje fibers

Front 92

ductus arteriosum form into the____ after birth

Back 92

Ligamentus arteriosum

Front 93

valves open and close with response to changes in....

Back 93

pressure

Front 94

As pressure in the Atria increases the AV valve will

Back 94

open

Front 95

the wall btw the atria

Back 95

interatrial septum

Front 96

wall btw the ventricles

Back 96

interventricular septum

Front 97

all valves are located where...?

Back 97

The atrioventricular septum (contains the fibrious skeleton

Front 98

the lub and dup heard during oscultation, represents...

Back 98

lub- av valves closing
dub semilunar valves closes

Front 99

systole

Back 99

contraction of the heart muscles

Front 100

diastole

Back 100

relaxation of the heart muscles

Front 101

If the atria are in diastole the ventricles are...

Back 101

in systole

Front 102

if the ventricles are in diastole the atria...

Back 102

are in systole

Front 103

Left coronary artery

Back 103

feeds muscles of the atria circumflex, and the anterior interventricular artery/branches

Front 104

right coronary artery feeeds

Back 104

posterior interventricular branches and marginal branch

Front 105

collateral circulation

Back 105

other routes blood can flow, alternative circulation routes.

Front 106

Cardiac muscle cells are joined @

Back 106

intercalated discs

Front 107

The structural connections of cardiac muscle cells

Back 107

Desmosomes

Front 108

the synpases in which cardiac muscle cells talk to each other are...

Back 108

The gap junctions

Front 109

synapse

Back 109

place where 2 excitable cells meet/communicate

Front 110

Which cells have a resting membrane potential

Back 110

All cells

Front 111

Which cells can convert membrane potential into action potential

Back 111

Muscle and neuron cells

Front 112

All or none principal

Back 112

The action potential would proceed to fullest or not at all...

Front 113

functional syncitium

Back 113

the two atria acting together
and the two ventricles acting together
possible via gap junctions and electrical conduction of the heart

Front 114

how many of the heart cells are conduction cells?

Back 114

about 1%

Front 115

Where do the neuro-muscular junctions connect to on the heart?

Back 115

The heart provides it's own impulses and don't need them

Front 116

What regulates the bpm and impulses?

Back 116

The medulla oblongata

Front 117

The heart produces how much more blood than needed?

Back 117

about 300% more blood than needed

Front 118

If the SA and AV don't work you will die. T/F

Back 118

False the bundle branches may beat at roughly 25BPM and you'll lie there.

Front 119

Eptopic beats

Back 119

out of place beats

Front 120

Cardiac muscles need to do what after contracting before it can caontract again!

Back 120

Relax.

Front 121

Atria is responsible for what % of the overall output

Back 121

20-25%

Front 122

Energy Source when heart is at rest

Back 122

Fatty acids

Front 123

Energy source % from glucose

Back 123

30-35%

Front 124

What else can the heart use besides fatty acids and glucose

Back 124

Lactide acid

Front 125

autonamaticity or autorhythmicity

Back 125

ability of the heart to contract w/o hormonal or neural stimuli

Front 126

myocardial infarction

Back 126

heart attack coronary circulation is blocked and cardiac muscle dies from hypoxia

Front 127

coronary thrombosis

Back 127

when thrombus formation at a plaqued blocked area causes a Myocardial infarction

Front 128

Cardiac cycle

Back 128

periodbtw the start of one heart beat and the next, divided into diastole (relaxation) and systole (contraction)

Front 129

Cardiac cells have a long refractory period, so rapid stimulation produces what?

Back 129

It makes twitches rather then tetanic contractions

Front 130

The serious membrane covering the inner surface of the heart is the

Back 130

endocardium

Front 131

Cardiac skeleton's two functions are...

Back 131

maintain normal shape of the heart, and physically isolates the muscle fibers of the atria & ventricles

Front 132

Which are efferrent and afferrent vessels?

Back 132

Efferent are arteries
afferent are veins

Front 133

How many liters of blood are in an average adult ?

Back 133

5L

Front 134

The trabeculae Carneae or moderator band

Back 134

muscular ridge that extends horizontally from the inferior portion of the interventricular septum and connects to the anterior papillary muscles

Front 135

How do parasympathetic innervation of the heart affect heart rate?

Back 135

IT slows it down

Front 136

If the heart is beating at about 40-60 bpm what is this a possible indication of?

Back 136

Dmg to the SA node as it likes to beat 80-100

Front 137

If the heart rate is about 20-40 bpm what part of the heart may be controlling the pace?

Back 137

Perkinje fibers would be setting the rate; as A and SA nodes would have higher BPM

Front 138

What does the vagus nerve do?
What effect would cutting the vagus nerve have on heart rate?

Back 138

Vegus nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the heart; cutting it would increase heart rate

Front 139

What affects do Ach do w respect to heart rate?

Back 139

SLows it down

Front 140

The heart impulse passes through the AV node at 100 msecs this delay is important because:

Back 140

It allows the atria to contract before the ventricles

Front 141

If conduction deficits occuer and abnormal conducting cells or ventricular muscle cells begin generating action potentials at a different rate there could be _____

Back 141

ectopic pacemakers

Front 142

P wave

Back 142

Atria depolarizing, then contracting after 25msec

Front 143

QRS complex

Back 143

ventricles depolarize
ventricles contract right after R peak

Front 144

T Wave

Back 144

ventricular repolarization relaxes

Front 145

Segments vs intervals w respect to EKG

Back 145

Segments are btw waves
intervals include a wave.

Front 146

Cardiac arrhythmias
how are they diagnosed what are they and several things

Back 146

EKG show them
can reduce pumping efficiency
can be symptoms of dmg to the myocardium, pace makers or conduction pathways. as well as exposure to drugs