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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tar
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Thick, sticky residue formed when tobacco leaves burn.
Contain hundreds of chemical compounds and carcinogenic substances |
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Carbon Monoxide
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CO- an odorless gas that interferes with the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen to vital body organs.
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Nicotine
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is the primary addictive ingredien in tobacco
a poison and psychoactive drug |
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Cigars are _____ if not inhaled but there are more ______ cancers related
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They are safer to lungs;
however, more mouth cancers |
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Chewing tobacco
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2-3 times greater nicotine absorbed
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Types of tobacco
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cigarettes
cigars pipes (hookahs) smokeless tobacco (snuff; chewing) |
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Ethnic differences (Alcohol) White vs. Black
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Use of alcohol in whites is greater than African americans
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Hispanic/Latino Men vs. Women
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High among men
Very low among women |
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Native americans.. Number ___ health concern
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Alcohol is the #1 health concern
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Asian Americans
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lower consumption rates than whites.
Asians have a genetic limitation in ability to process alcohol |
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Effect of alcohol on brain
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alters brain chemistry and neurotransmitter functions (slows nerve conductance.)
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Effect of alcohol on central nervous system
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is a CNS depressant that impairs balance, motor coordination, and reduces rational thinking and problem solving
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As alcohol concentrations increase, more functions are ____
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more functions are depressed, and greater impairment occurs
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Alcohol absorption rates
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20-25% absorbed in stomach
75-80% absorbed in upper small intestine Trace amounts in lower GI track |
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Factors affecting alcohol absorption:
Food in the stomach |
slows down absorption of alcohol
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Gender (absorption factor)
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Women absorb alcohol into the blood faster (higher fat %, lower water %)
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Age
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Older people have less water, so
LESS DILUTED ALCOHOL |
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Drug interaction
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alcohol interacts with many medicines, even OTC meds
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Cigarette smoke
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nicotine delays absorption
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Mood/Physical condition
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fear, anger stress
being tired or ill can cause: the alcohol effect to hit you sooner. |
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Alcohol concentration...(absorption)
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higher the proof, faster it is absorbed
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Carbonation..... (absorption)
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speeds absorption. (mixed with carbonated drinks= faster absorption)
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Tolerance.......(absorption)
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over time, body tries to adjust to prevent impairment; will need more alcohol to get drunk
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Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
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amount of alcohol in grams in 100 ml of blood; expressed as a percentage
100mgs alcohol in 100ml blood= BAC .10 |
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Accuracy of breath test for alcohol
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They are accurate due to alcohol being exhaled out of the lungs, not residual alcohol left in mouth
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What affects BAC?
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amount of body water and body fat influences BAC levels in the body
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Alcohol metabolism
small amount is broken down by the stomach however... |
90% is metabolized by the liver
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Between ____ and _____ percent is not metabolized at all but is excreted unchanged through the
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2 & 10 Percent; excreted through the skin, urine, and breath
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As liver breaks down alcohol, acetaldehyde (similar to formaldehyde) is exposed..
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This, coupled with dehydration and toxicity of alcohol itself is largely responsible for the 'hangover' effect- nausea, headache, muscle aches
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Alcohol breakdown in the body
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Alcohol, Acetaldehyde, Acetic Acid (vinegar), CO2 and H20
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Binge drinking:
consuming __ or more drinks in a row for man/ woman |
Consumption of 5 or more drinks in a row for a man or 4 or more drinks in a row for a women
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Half of all college students are ____ drinkers
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binge drinkers
Only 68% drink at all |
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Women are more vulnerable to:
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liver disease
heart disease brain damage |
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binge drinking rate is consistently in the range of
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40-50%
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college students under the age of 21 consume
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48% of all alcohol consumed by college students
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Long-term effects of alcohol use
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
Stroke Cancer Brain Damage Malnutrition |
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Heart disease
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Cardiomyopathy (disease of heart muscle)
Abnormal heart rhythm |
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Liver disease
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Fatty Liver (liver swells with fat globules)
Alcoholic hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) |
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General concerns with drug use
Side effects: |
ALL drugs have side effects
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Disruption of internal balance
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anytime we add a substance from the outside, our body will try to regain its preset balance
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Filter systems
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Kidneys or liver
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What if it works for my friend?
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Different effects on different individuals due to:
age/maturity gender genetic make-up diet lifestyle |
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Hidden effects
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There can be things going on in my body that I can't see or feel
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Latent effects
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There may be changes happening in my body that I won't see any effects from for many years (~30)
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Drug quality
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If purchasing on the street, how do you know it is the real thing?
Estimated 75-80% of black market steroids are counterfeit |
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Dosage
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If YOU select the dose, how much is the RIGHT amount?
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Routes of Administration
Inhalation |
7-10 seconds
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Injection
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hypodermic syringe to deliver drug into bloodstream
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Intravenous injection
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15-30 seconds
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Intramuscular injection
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3-5 minutes
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Subcutaneous injection
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5-7 minutes
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Snorting (application to mucous membranes)
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3-15 minutes
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Oral
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20-30 minutes
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Application to skin (ointment or patch)
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1-7 days
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Factors influencing the effects of drugs
Characteristics of the drug |
chemical properties of the drug and its actions
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Characteristics of the person
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Age
Gender Body weight physical condition/mood |
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Characteristics of the situation
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environmental experience
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Drug dependence
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Strong craving for a drug and compulsive use of the drug despite serious negative consequences
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Dependence implies that... changes
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physiological changes have taken place in the brain and body chemistry
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Forms of Dependence
Addiction |
physiological need for the drug. our body has come to expect the substance in order to function normally
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Habituation
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psychological need for the drug. Our way of living on a daily basis is wrapped tightly around use of the substance
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Tolerance
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reduced sensitivity to the effects of the drug.
(have to take more and more to get the same effect) |
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Withdrawal symptoms
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different based on the drug and leads to unpleasant feelings.
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Pleasure and Reward circuit
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neurons in the brain form a pathway
addictive psychoactive drugs activate and cause a surge in levels of dopamine and associated feelings of pleasure |
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How many drugs operate via the pleasure and reward circuit?
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All or nearly all addictive drugs
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Habituation
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psychological need for the drug. Our way of living on a daily basis is wrapped tightly around use of the substance
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Tolerance
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reduced sensitivity to the effects of the drug.
(have to take more and more to get the same effect) |
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Withdrawal symptoms
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different based on the drug and leads to unpleasant feelings.
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Pleasure and Reward circuit
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neurons in the brain form a pathway
addictive psychoactive drugs activate and cause a surge in levels of dopamine and associated feelings of pleasure |
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How many drugs operate via the pleasure and reward circuit?
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All or nearly all addictive drugs
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rebound effect
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low after reaching the high then crashing
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Stimulant
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Speed up activity in the brain and SNS
Simlilar to Fight or flight reaction |
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Examples of stimulants
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Cocaine, amphetamines, ecstacy, caffeine
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Depressants
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slow down activity in the brain and slow the SNS
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Depressants can be deadly when
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mixed with alcohol or misused
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Examples of depressants
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anti-anxiety drugs, GHB
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Opiods
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Derivatives of opium
Long history of medical use for pain relief |
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Opiods prescribed as...
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pain relievers, anesthetics, anti-diarrheal agents, cough suppressants
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Examples of opiods
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morphine, heroin, codeine
oxycontin, vicodin, demerol |
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opiods produce feelings of...
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pleasure and block sensation of pain by attaching to the brains natural receptors for endorphins
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Hallucinogens (psychedelics)
LSD, PCP |
alter perceptions nd thinking in characteristic ways
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Hallucinogens are Schedule___ drugs with ____ medical use
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Schedule ONE drugs with NO medical use
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Marijuana residual effects
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Amotivational syndrome:
Increase in apathy, decrease in motivation |
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Distorted sensory perceptions
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make it just as dangerous to drive high as it is to drive drunk
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Drug
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Substance other than food that affects the structure or function of the body through its chemical action
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Most widely used illicit drug in US
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marijuana
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Benefits of friendship
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offer psychological and emotional buffer against stress, anxiety and depression
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Attraction (Factors leading to)
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proximity/familiarity
physical attraction similar characteristics (values and attitudes) socio-economic status procreation purposes biological instinct |
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Sternbergs view of love (3 dimensions)
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Intimacy
Passion Commitment |
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Intimacy
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emotion, affection, warmth, openness
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Passion
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sexual/physical: attraction, excitement, intensity
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Commitment
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Decision/pledge: 'through good times and bad'
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Communication (sometimes say more with our ____ verbal communication
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sometimes say more with our non-verbal communication
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Non-Verbal communication
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messages we send with our posture, gestures, social distance, expressions and eye contact
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Non-Verbal communication often gives off a ____ picture of how we really feel
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true picture of feelings portrayed by non-verbal communication
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Metamessage (invite to your office vs. go to their office)
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Unspoken message that you give and receive that encompasses the conscious and uncscious aspects of a message
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Gender differences in communication
Men |
more likely to use communication to compete.. establish dominance, competence & knowledge
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Women use communication to
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connect.. find commonalities, share experiences and give and receive support
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Gender roles:
Sex |
a persons biological status (Male or Female)
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Intersex
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Condition in which the genitals are ambiguous at birth
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Gender
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Masculine or feminine behaviors and characteristics considered appropriate in a particular culture (learned during childhood)
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Gender role
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Set of behaviors and activities a person engages in to conform to society's expectation of his or her sex
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Sexual anatomy influenced by
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hormones
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Sex organs of males and females are _____
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similar; and their functions are complementary
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Sex drive
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sexual desire or libido, biological urge for sexual activity
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Testosterone
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the principle hormone responsible for sex drive in both men and women
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Testosterone produced by...
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Testes in males
Adrenal glands in both sexes |
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Master & Johnsons arousal pattern
Excitement Stage |
arousal stage
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Plateau stage
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leveling off of arosal immediately before orgasm
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orgasm stage
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rhythmic contraction in the genital area and sensation of intense pleasure
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Resolution stage
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return the body back to an unexcited, relaxed stage
Men: Refractory period of minutes to hours women: no refractory period, can experience multiple times |
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Sexual orientation
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refers to a persons emotional, romantic and sexual attraction to a member of a certain sex
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Vasocongestion
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the inflow of blood to tissues in the erogenous areas
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Myotonia
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Voluntary or involuntary muscle tension that occurs in response to sexual stimulation
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Abstinence
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choice not to have sex
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Celibacy
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not to have sex or ANY sexual activity
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Paraphillas (mental disorders) which are illegal
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exhibitionism
voyeurism pedophillia |
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Orgasmic dysfunction
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Up to 35% of women occasionally experience inability to reach orgasm
10-15% are unable to frequently or always |
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Male sexual dysfunctions
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Disturbance in sexual drive, performance, or satisfaction
Such as ED, Premature E |
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Contraceptive Methods:
Abstinence: |
The only guarenteed form of birth control and STD prevention
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Hormonal Contraceptives
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Birth control
Vaginal ring injectable contraceptive contraceptive implant |
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Barrier methods
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Condoms
Diaphragm Lea's shield cervical cap contraceptive sponge |
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Fertility Awareness method
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doesn't work unless you have a regular cycle
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Emergency contraception
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Plan b
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Sterilization
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Vasectomy
Tubal ligation |
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FUN FACT:
___% of women in couples will be pregnant within 1 year if no contraceptive method is used |
85%
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Emergency contraception
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Morning after pill,
contains hormones that can e taken within 48-72 hours to prevent pregnancy |
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Emergency contraception will not
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cause termination of an existing pregnancy (not abortogenic)
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Sterilization
Vasectomy |
seperation of the vas deferins
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Tubal ligation
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seperation of the fallopian tubes
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Open adoption
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biological parents choose adoptive parents
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Closed adoption
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biological parents do not choose parents
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Causes of Infertility
MEN |
Low sperm count
& Poor sperm motility = 1/3 of cases |
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Causes of infertility
WOMEN |
obstruction of fallopian tubes (1/3 of cases) due to STD or endometriosis
Lack of ovulation Unknown causes Abnormalities in cervical mucus |
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Treating Infertility
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Surgery (correct physical barier)
Fertility drugs (stimulate egg release) Intrauterine insemination (sperm collected and inserted into the uterus with a syringe) In Vitro Fertilization: Eggs fertilized in the lab and reinsterted into the uterus |
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Lowest risk ages for pregnancy
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18-35
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Prenatal care
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Monitor fish/shellfish intake
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Abortion types
Spontaneous |
Involuntary termination (miscarriage)
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Elective
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Surgical: removal of the contents of the uterus to terminate the pregnancy
Medical: Use of a pharmaceutical agent to terminate the pregnancy |
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How is infection spread?
Pathogen: |
The infectious agent (type of infection: bacteria, virus..)
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Chain of infection
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The process by which a pathogen passes from one organism to another
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Vector
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Insect or animal that transfers the infectious agent from reservoir to host
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Virulence
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speed or intensity of the pathogen
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Body's defenses:
Innate immune system |
rapid response to catch and remove general targets (white blood cells- phagocytes)
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Acquired immune system
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recognizes specific targets and activates to rid them (specific white cells- Lymphocytes)
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Acute inflammatory Response
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The body sends extra blood flow to any area when tissue damage (by injury or infection) occurs
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Allergies reaction
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Body identifies a harmless foreign substance as an antigen and creates an immune response
Anaphylactic shock- life threatening allergy response |
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Physical barriers to disease
Skin |
body's first line of defense
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Mucous membranes
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Sticky and trap foreign particles
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Nasal passages and ear canals protected by ____
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hair
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Lungs protected by _____ and _____
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cough reflex and cilia
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Saliva contains
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special proteins that break down bacteria
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Phagocytes
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white blood cells
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Lymphocytes
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specific white cells
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B cells
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monitor blood and fluids for infection (mature to produce antibodies when a foreign object is located)
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T Cells
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monitor cells for infection- KILLER T CELLS are quickly formed to destroy the infection
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Immunity
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once a person has survived infection by a pathogen, they acquire immunity to future infections by the same pathogen
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Common leading infectious diseases
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Pneumonia- LEADING INFECTIOUS DEATH CAUSE
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Common leading infectious diseases
Diarrhea |
kills 2-3 million kids in the developing world per year
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Tuberculosis
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most common infection in the world (30% of population infected)
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Malaria
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Mosquito borne virus
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HIV symptoms
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Rapid weight loss
cough night sweats diarrhea rashes or skin blemishes memory loss Then asymptomatic for years (2-20) |
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HPV
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most common STD and mostly asymptomatic
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Genital Herpes
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genital/oral viral infection with no cure
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Hepatitis (A, B, C)
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liver infections
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Major bacterial stds
Chlamydia |
most commonly reported (75% women & 50% men have no symptoms)
Left untreated can cause PID |
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Gonorrhea
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men have symptoms more frequently than women
(burning and discharge) |
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
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infections of ovaries and fallopian tubes (frequently a spread of lower reproductive tract bacteria) with severe pain and risk of death
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Syphillis
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rates fell through 1900s but began to rise rapidly in 2001
can lead to dementia & death |
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Bacterial Vaginosis
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alteration of normal vaginal flora
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ABCDs of STD prevention
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A bstinence
B e Faithful C ondoms D etection |
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HIV transmission
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Direct contact involving the exchange of bodily fluids
sharing of hypodermic needles through infected blood products perinatal transmission (mother to fetus) |
