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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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asthma |
a disease of diffuse airway inflammation caused by a variety of triggering stimuli resulting in partially or completely reversible bronchoconstriction |
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
partially reversible airflow limitation caused by an inflammatory response to inhaled toxins, often cigarette smoke |
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pulmonary embolism (PE) |
the occlusion of 1 or more pulmonary arteries by thrombi that originate elsewhere, typically in the large veins of the legs or pelvis. |
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pneumonia |
acute inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. Initial diagnosis is usually based on chest x-ray and clinical findings |
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aspiration pneumonitis |
caused by inhaling toxic substances, usually gastric contents, into the lungs |
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lung abscess |
a necrotizing lung infection characterized by a pus-filled cavity lesion. It is most commonly caused by aspiration of oral secretions by patients who have impaired consciousness |
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bronchiectasis |
dilation and destruction of larger bronchi caused by chronic infection and inflammation. Common causes are cystic fibrosis, immune defects, and recurrent infections |
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interstitial lung disease |
a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by alveolar septal thickening, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and if the process remains unchecked, pulmonary fibrosis |
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sarcoidosis |
a disorder resulting in noncaseating granulomas in one or more organs and tissues. The lungs and lymphatic system are most often affected |
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silicosis |
caused by inhalation of unbound (free) crystalline silica dust and is characterized by nodular pulmonary fibrosis |
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pulmonary hypertension |
increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation. It has many secondary causes; some cases are idiopathic |
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obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) |
a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by changes in ventilatory drive without airway obstruction |
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lung carcinoma |
the leading cause of cancer-related death world-wide. About 85% of cases are related to cigarette smoking. Symptoms can include cough, chest discomfort or pain, weight loss, etc. |
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oste |
bone |
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myo |
muslce |
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neur |
nerves |
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derm |
skin |
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cardio |
heart |
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vas/vasc |
veins/arteries |
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hem(o) or sangu |
blood |
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angi(o) |
blood vessels |
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ven(o) or pleb(o) |
veins |
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aort |
aorta |
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arteri(o) |
arteries |
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enceph |
brain |
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rhino |
nose |
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tympan/myringo |
eardrum |
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odont/dento |
tooth |
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ophthalm/oculo |
eye |
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oto |
ear |
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lingu |
tongue |
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crani |
skull |
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hepato |
liver |
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cholecyst |
gall bladder |
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colo |
large intestine |
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esoph(a) |
esophagus |
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gastro |
stomach |
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ileo |
small intestine |
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abdomino |
abdomen |
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laryng |
throat |
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thorac |
chest |
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pneumo or pleuro |
lung |
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mammo |
breast |
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thrombo |
blood clot |
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neph |
kidney |
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scapul |
shoulder |
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brachio |
arm |
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carpo |
wrist |
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costo |
rib |
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dorsa |
back |
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pod(o)/ped(o) |
foot |
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macro |
large |
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micro |
small |
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hyper |
above normal |
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hypo |
below normal |
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tachy |
fast |
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brady |
slow |
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peri |
around |
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trans |
across |
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endo |
within, inside |
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inter |
between |
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eal |
pertaining to |
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echo |
using ultrasonic waves |
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electro |
usuing electricity |
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ectomy |
removal of |
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gram |
a picture |
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graph(y) |
process of making a picture |
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otomy |
making a cut in |
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scopy |
use of instrument for viewing |
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stomy |
create an opening |
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chloro |
green |
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leuk |
white |
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eryth |
red |
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cyan |
blue |
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ologist |
person working with a specific part of the body or a specific disease |
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iatrist |
person providing specific treatment |
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ABG |
arterial blood gas -test to detect contents of oxygenated blood |
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ARDS |
acute respiratory distress syndrome -life threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting to the lungs and into the blood |
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BPD |
bronchopulmonary dysplasia -chronic lung condition that effects newborn babies who were either put on a breathing machine after birth or were born very early |
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CT |
computed tomography -type of imaging, uses special x-ray equipment to make cross-sectional pictures of the body |
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ECG |
electrocardiogram -a test that records the electrical activity of the heart |
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NO |
nitric oxide -used in ARDS and pulmonary hypertension or neonates (reduces pulmonary artery pressure) |
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PIP |
peak inspiratory pressure -the highest level of pressure applied to the lungs during decreased lung compliance |
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RLL |
right lower lobe |
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TLC |
total lung capacity -the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle |
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URTI |
upper respiratory tract infection -another name for the common cold |
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VA |
alveolar gas volume -the aggregate volume of gas in the alveoli of the lungs |
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homeo |
likeness, constant, sameness |
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carcino |
cancer |
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stenosis |
narrowing of a valve or vessel |
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hypercalcemia |
greater than normal amounts of calcium in blood |
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nasopharynx |
upper portion of airway behind the nasal and oral vacities |
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hypoxia |
oxygen available to cells is inadequate to meet metabolic needs |
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hypocapnia |
lower than normal amounts of CO2 in the blood |
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apnea |
absence of spontaneous breathing |
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polycythemia |
abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells |
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superior |
situated above |
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hypoxemia |
abnormal deficiency of CO2 in arterial blood |
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paresis |
partial paralysis |
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sagittal |
left or right plane of the body |
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purul |
pus formation |
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cyte |
cell |
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fenestrateo |
opening into a structure |
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MDI |
metered dose inhaler |
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contus |
to bruise |
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supra |
above, excessive, beyond |
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PEEP |
positive end expiratory pressure |
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SpO2 |
oxygen saturation via pulse oximeter |
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Median |
-mid-point -represents the average when the data is not symmetrical -the point which has half values above, and half below |
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Mean |
-average or arithmetic mean -used if data is normally distributed(symmetrical, bell-curve) |
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Standard Deviation |
-how much data vary around their mean (normally distributed) -a range of one SD above and below the mean includes 68.2% of the values - plus or minus SD includes 95.4% - plus or minus SD includes 99.7% |
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Mode |
-the most common set of events -normal distribution, skewed distribution, or bi-modal distribution |
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Odds Ratio |
-odds are calculated by dividing the number of times an event happens by the number of times it does not happen -if OR does not include 1 (no difference in odds), it is statistically significant |
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Confidence Interval (CI) |
-typically used when, instead of simply wanting the mean value of a sample, we want a range that is likely to contain the true population value -"true value" = the mean value that we would get if we had data for the whole population |
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P-Values |
-Probability value is used when we wish to see how likely it is that a hypothesis is true. This is usually a null hypothesis meaning that there is no difference between two treatments -gives the probability of any observed difference having happened by chance P=0.05 **statistically significant meaning unlikely to have happened by chance** |
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t-Tests |
-parametric statistics used to compare samples of normally distributed data -ANOVA (analysis of variance) -t-Test -Chi squared test |
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Correlation |
-r-values= correlation coefficient (strength of linear relationship) -either positive or negative r=0-0.2: very low and probably meaningless r=0.2-0.4: a low correlation that might warrant further investigations r=0.4-0.6: a reasonable correlation r=0.6-0.8: a high correlation r=0.8-1.0: a very high correlation |
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Sensitivity Calculation |
A/A+C |
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Specificity Calculation |
D/D+B |
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Positive Predictive Value (PPV) Calculation |
A/A+B |
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Negative Predictive Value (NPV) Calculation |
D/D+C |
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What is an HAI |
hospital-acquired infections -they account for 2 million infections and 90,000 excess deaths annually -around 5% of all patients admitted develop an HAI -around 25% of mechanically ventilated patients develop pneumonia, and 30% (of those 25%) will die |
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What are three things infection control procedures aim to do? |
1) eliminate the sources of infectious agents 2) create barriers to their transmission 3) monitor the effectiveness of control |
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What are 3 sources of infectious agents |
1) Humans are the primary source 2) Inanimate objects (eg: contaminated medical equipment) 3) Individuals in the hospital capable of being the source include workers, visitors, and patients |
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What are 4 host factors that increase the chance of infection? |
1) poorly controlled diabetes 2) increased age 3) chemotherapy 4) placement of tubes and catheters |
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What is a nosocomial infection? |
-means it is acquired in the hospital -most nosocomial pneumonias occur in patients having chest or abdominal surgery -those with history of COPD, cigarette smoking, or obesity and with advanced age have the greatest risk for nosocomial pneumonia following major surgery |
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What are 3 control strategies? |
1) Decreasing host susceptibility (immunizations and chemoprophylaxis) 2) Eliminating the source of the pathogens 3) Interrupting routes of transmission -special equipment handling -barrier/isolation precautions -diposable equipment |
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What are five safety precautions of Nebulizers? |
-always fill with sterile distilled water -never add fluid to replenish partially filled reservoirs -drain tubing away from patient and away from reservoir -sterilize between patients and every 24 hours w/ same patient -small volume nebulizer max use 96 hours (4 days) |
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What are the 4 types of precautions? |
1) Contact -gowns and gloves 2) Droplet -mask, gown, and gloves 3) Airborne -use of N95 respirator when in patient room 4) Protective Environment -used with allogeneic stem cell transplant patients |
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What are high risk respiratory activities and what precautions should be worn |
Intubation, airway suctioning, cough induction -N95 mask, eye protection, gown, gloves |
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Which is the main test to fully diagnose a pulmonary embolism? |
CT angiography |
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Where does the thrombi that cause pulmonary embolism mainly originate? |
Deep veins of the legs |
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A normal apnea - hypopnea index is: |
<5 |
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Treatment for Obstructive sleep apnea includes: |
a. Behavioural adjustments b. Surgical interventions c. Equipment therapy d. All of the above - Answer |
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What physical changes occur in the airway as a result of an asthma exacerbation that leads to an increase in airway resistance? I. inflammation of the airway II. airway edema III. increase in mucosal production |
I, II, and III |
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Asthma: a. Fever b. Cough c. Wheezing d. Shortness of breath |
a. Fever |
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Which of the following is a type of Interstitial Lung Disease? a. Lung cancer b. Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis c. Sarcoidosis d. All of the above e. B and C |
e. B and C |
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What is Interstitial Lung Disease famous for: a) It is easy to diagnose it b) It is hard to diagnose it c) It has approximately 200 different disorders d) The CT scan is the best non-invasive way of diagnosis of ILD e) b,c and d |
e. b,c and d |
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Which of these patients would you suspect to have COPD? a)Fred: a 75 year old male with a 50 pack year history with a chronic productive cough and shortness of breath. b)Anne: a 45 year old female whose parents both had COPD experiencing increased I:E ratio, wheezing, and a chronic cough. c)Willie: a 60 year old welder who quit smoking 5 years ago, presenting with dyspnea at rest. d)All of the above. |
D) all of the above
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What are the two conditions that make up COPD? a)Emphysema and Asthma b)Emphysema and Bronchiolitis c)Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis d)Chronic Bronchitis and Atelectasis |
C) emphysema and chronic bronchitis
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1. Which of the following are potential risk factors associated with ARDS? I. Septic shock II. Toxin Inhalation III. Near drowning IV. CHF a) I, III b) I, II, II, IV c) I, IV d) I, II, III |
d) I, II, III |
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2. Which P/F ratio (PaO2/FiO2 ratio) is an indicator of severe ARDS? a) < 500mmHg b) < 300mmHg c) < 200 mmHg d) <100 mmHg |
d) <100mmHg |
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What is not a sign of infant respiratory distress syndrome? a) Cyanosis b) Thoracic retractions c) Increased capillary refill d) Hypercapnia |
c) increased capillary refill |
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Surfactant therapy as treatment for IRDS will ideally decrease: 1. Lung compliance 2. Elastic recoil 3. Intramolecular forces 4. Alveolar reinflation pressure 5. Surface tension a) 1, 2, 3, 4 5 b) 2, 3, and 4, 5 c) 1, 3 and 4 d)2, 3 and 5 |
b) 2,3,4,and5 |
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What kind of mutation causes Cystic Fibrosis? a) Autosomal dominant b) X-linked c) Autosomal recessive d) Homozygous dominant e) None of the above |
c) autosomal recessive |
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What is directly linked to mortality in patients with Cystic Fibrosis? a) Heart failure b) Malnutrition c) Respiratory failure d) Liver cirrhosis |
c) respiratory failure |
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Who has a higher risk of developing pneumonia? a) children under 2 years old b) adults older than 65 years old c) adults older than 40 years old d) children between the ages of 3-6 e) a and b f) c and d |
e) a and b |
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What effect does pneumonia have on the lungs? a) hyperinflation and increased compliance b) increased elastance c) atelectasis of the lungs d) inflammation and fluid buildup of the lungs |
d) inflammation and fluid buildup of the lungs |
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What is a secondary spontaneous pneumothorax? |
a pneumothorax caused by an underlying lung disease |
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A primary spontaneous pneumothorax is more commonly seen in tall, slender, young adult males (T or F) |
True |
