Health Test 3-21

Front 1

Composed of the body’s bones and associated ligaments, tendons, and cartilages.

Back 1

Skeletal System

Front 2

two functions of the skeletal system

Back 2

Support, Protection, Movement,
Reservoir for minerals and adipose tissue,
Hematopoiesis

Front 3

Forms long axis of the body.

Includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

These bones are involved in protection, support, and carrying other body parts

Back 3

Axial Skeleton

Front 4

Bones of upper & lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones) that attach them to the axial skeleton.

Involved in locomotion and manipulation of the environment.

Back 4

Appendicular skeleton

Front 5

4 types of bones

Back 5

Long Bones
Much longer than they are wide.
All bones of the limbs except for the patella (kneecap), and the bones of the wrist and ankle.
Consists of a shaft plus 2 expanded ends.
Your finger bones are long bones even though they’re very short – how can this be?

Short Bones
Roughly cube shaped.
Bones of the wrist and the ankle.

Flat Bones
Thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved.
Scapulae, sternum, (shoulder blades), ribs and most bones of the skull.

Irregular Bones
Have weird shapes that fit none of the 3 previous classes.
Vertebrae, hip bones, 2 skull bones ( sphenoid and the ethmoid bones).

Front 6

What are bones composed of

Back 6

Bone tissue (a.k.a. osseous tissue).
Fibrous connective tissue.
Cartilage.
Vascular tissue.
Lymphatic tissue.
Adipose tissue.
Nervous tissue.

Front 7

a type of connective tissue, so it must consist of cells plus a significant amount of extracellular matrix.

Back 7

bone tissue

Front 8

Bone-building cells.
Synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components of bone matrix.
Initiate the process of calcification.
Found in both the periosteum and the endosteum

Back 8

Osteoblasts

Front 9

Mature bone cells.
Osteoblasts that have become trapped by the secretion of matrix.
No longer secrete matrix.
Responsible for maintaining the bone tissue.

Back 9

Osteocytes

Front 10

Huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell).
Cells that digest bone matrix – this process is called bone resorption and is part of normal bone growth, development, maintenance, and repair.
Concentrated in the endosteum

Back 10

Osteoclasts

Front 11

What are the expanded ends of a long bone

Back 11

epiphyses

Front 12

Blood cell formation

Back 12

Hematopoiesis

Front 13

Thin layer of compact bone covering an interior of spongy bone.

Back 13

Epiphyses

Front 14

Joint surface of each epiphysis is covered w/ a type of hyaline cartilage known as _________ _________. It cushions the bone ends and reduces friction during movement.

Back 14

articular cartilage

Front 15

The external surface of the entire bone except for the joint surfaces of the epiphyses is covered by a double-layered membrane known as the __________

Back 15

periosteum.

Front 16

richly supplied with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels

Back 16

Periosteum

Front 17

the process of bone tissue formation.

Back 17

Osteogenesis

Front 18

Fracture where bone ends penetrate the skin

Back 18

Open

Front 19

Fracture where bone ends don't penetrate the skin

Back 19

closed

Front 20

bone fragments into 3 or more pieces. Common in the elderly (brittle bones).

Back 20

comminuted

Front 21

bone breaks incompletely. One side bent, one side broken. Common in children whose bone contains more collagen and are less mineralized.

Back 21

Greenstick

Front 22

ragged break caused by excessive twisting forces. Sports injury/Injury of abuse.

Back 22

Spiral

Front 23

one bone fragment is driven into the medullary space or spongy bone of another.

Back 23

Impacted

Front 24

bone will grow or remodel in response to the forces or demands placed on it.

Back 24

Wolff's law

Front 25

Normal bone growth/maintenance cannot occur w/o sufficient dietary intake of _______ and _________ salts.

Back 25

Calcium, phosphate

Front 26

Calcium and phosphate are not absorbed in the intestine unless the hormone __________ is present

Back 26

calcitriol

Front 27

Calcitriol synthesis is dependent on the availability of the steroid ______________ (_._._ _______ _)

Back 27

cholecalciferol (a.k.a. Vitamin D)

Front 28

Literally “soft bones.”
Includes many disorders in which osteoid is produced but inadequately mineralized.
Causes can include insufficient dietary calcium
Insufficient vitamin D fortification or insufficient exposure to sun light.

Back 28

Osteomalacia

Front 29

Children's form of osteomalacia
More detrimental due to the fact that their bones are still growing.
Signs include bowed legs, and deformities of the pelvis, ribs, and skull.

Back 29

Ricketts

Front 30

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound (e.g., compound fracture) or migrate from a nearby infection.
Fatal before the advent of antibiotics.

Back 30

Osteomyelitis

Front 31

Group of diseases in which bone resorption occurs at a faster rate than bone deposition.
Bone mass drops and bones become increasingly porous.
Compression fractures of the vertebrae and fractures of the femur are common.
Often seen in postmenopausal women because they experience a rapid decline in estrogen secretion; estrogen stimulates osteoblast and inhibits osteoclast activity.

Back 31

Osteoporosis

Front 32

Childhood hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland causes excessive growth.

Back 32

Gigantism

Front 33

Adulthood hypersecretion of GH causes overgrowth of bony areas still responsive to GH such as the bones of the face, feet, and hands.

Back 33

Acromegaly

Front 34

GH deficiency in children resulting in extremely short long bones and maximum stature of 4 feet.

Back 34

Pituitary dwarfism

Front 35

consists of 8 bones fused together

Back 35

cranium

Front 36

has 14 bones. Most are fused, whilst others like the mandible (lower jaw bone) can move independently

Back 36

face

Front 37

5 main regions of vertebral column

Back 37

Cervical spine (7)
Thoracic spine (12)
Lumbar spine (5)
Sacrum (5)
Coccyx (4)

Front 38

first cervical vertebra

Back 38

Atlas

Front 39

Second Cervical Vertebra

Back 39

Axis

Front 40

are found between each vertebrae and keep spine flexible and they absorb shock

Back 40

Intervertebral Discs

Front 41

12 pairs of ribs
Joined to thoracic vertebrae
Top 10 ribs joined to sternum
Remaining two have “free” ends – ‘floating’

Back 41

Thorax

Front 42

Heavy, dense, strong bone tissue
Ivory appearance & covers the complete bone
Thickest at the center of the shaft

Back 42

Compact Bone Tissue

Front 43

Honeycomb appearance
Strong, hard & less dense than compact bone
Found mainly ends of bones

Back 43

CANCELLOUS BONE TISSUE
or “spongy bone”

Front 44

Toward the Head

Back 44

Superior

Front 45

Toward the feet

Back 45

Inferior

Front 46

Toward the front

Back 46

Anterior

Front 47

Toward the back

Back 47

Posterior

Front 48

Toward the midline (inside)

Back 48

Medial

Front 49

Toward the side (outside)

Back 49

Lateral

Front 50

Nearer the trunk

Back 50

proximal

Front 51

Further from the trunk

Back 51

Distal

Front 52

Face down (on stomach)

Back 52

Prone

Front 53

Face up (on back)

Back 53

Supine

Front 54

Changing rate of growth to the body is affected by what two things

Back 54

height and weight

Front 55

hardens into bone

Back 55

Ossifies

Front 56

(bone builders) – add bone to the outside surface, enlarging and elongating the bone

Back 56

Osteoblasts

Front 57

(bone eaters) – tunnel out the marrow cavity and internal spaces (these work at the same time as osteoblasts.)

Back 57

Osteoclasts

Front 58

(growth plates) found at either end of the bone where the shaft (diaphysis) meets the head or base (epiphysis). These growth plates are made of cartilage cells which multiply rapidly and the outside cells ossify, increasing the length of the shaft.

Back 58

Epiphyseal plates

Front 59

Responsible for most growth changes occurring.

Back 59

Growth Hormone

Front 60

(1) stimulates the epiphyseal plates to expand and form bone
(2) increase protein uptake by the muscles, therefore increasing muscle growth

Back 60

Growth Hormone