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192 Cards in this Set

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1. What is the purpose of completing a family tree?
See your family’s pattern of health and illness and pinpoint any areas of special concern or risk.
1. What is the purpose of completing a family tree?
See your family’s pattern of health and illness and pinpoint any areas of special concern or risk.
2. What on a family tree might indicate a genetic link to disease?
Early onset of disease more likely to have a genetic component, appearance of disease in multiple individuals on same side of family more likely to have genetic correlation, family member with multiple cancers greater risk of genetic association, and presence of disease in family members who have good health habits is more suggestive of a genetic disease cause than a family with poor eating habits.
3. What is gene sequencing? Why is it significant?
Gene sequencing is the process of determining the order of the DNA bases in the human DNA. It is important that your gene sequence correctly or the outcome with be diseases or disorders.
4. What is DNA? How many nucleotide bases are there in human DNA?
DNA- genetic material passed from one generation to the next. Four nucleotide bases: Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
5. What are chromosomes?
Gene carrying structure found in the nucleus of the cell, composed of tightly wound molecules of DNA
6. What does multifactorial genetic disorder mean?
Disease caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.
7. What is a mutation?
Alteration in the DNA sequence of a gene, gene being left out with wrong one inserted in or just whole line being left out.
8. What are alleles?
Alternate form of a gene, but they can have positive outcomes like hair or skin color.
9. What are autosomal chromosomes?
Any of the 22 chromosomes that do not contain genes that determine sex
10. Know the likelihood of transmitting different autosomal disorders given the various scenarios discussed in the book.
In autosomal dominant disorders the gene only needs on copy and males and females are affected equally, the disease doesn’t skip generations. In autosomal recessive disorder, two copies are required males and females are affected equally, the disease may skip generations. Person can just be a carrier of the disease without the two copies. Example of ARD: Sudden death in young athletes.
11. How often do carriers pass on carrier status to their children?
Each carrier has 50% chance of passing recessive allele onto their children. If two carries have children, each child has 25% chance of not/ of receiving the disease and a 50% chance of being a carrier.
12. Are most X-linked disorders dominant or recessive?
Most are recessive.
13. Which sex is at greater risk of inheriting sex-linked disorders?
Female needs two copies for disease but just one to be a carrier. Male needs one copy. Thus x-linked diseases usually affect males.
14. What type of disorder is Down syndrome?
Chromosomal disorder.
15. When can Down syndrome be diagnosed?
During pregnancy or shortly after birth.
16. What did the human genome project confirm?
Humans only have 20,000 to 25,000 genes, the same as a mouse. Approx only 2% of human DNA is used in protein-coding genes.
17. Who is at greater risk for sickle cell disease?
Most common in descendants of people who live or lived in Africa, South or Central America, the Caribbean islands, Mediterranean countries, India, and Saudi Arabia.
18. Who is at greater risk for cystic fibrosis?
White people of European descent.
19. Is there a clear genetic link to addiction?
Yes.
20. Can genetic variations affect the rate alcohol is metabolized? What population may be largely protected for alcoholism?
Yes, the genes are found in Asian and Southeast Asian populations. Native Americans are protected from alcoholism
21. Which mental illnesses have a genetic component?
Schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer’s disease.
22. What type of genetic mutation increases a person’s chance of developing Alzheimer’s disease?
Mutations of the APOE gene
23. What is predictive genetic testing?
Genetic test given to assess the individuals risk for developing the disease in the future.
24. What are the types of dietary modifications discussed in the chapter? When should they be used?
Restriction- when a common food is toxic to a person with a genetic mutation. Exclusion- When a person has a life threatening reaction to a particular food. Supplementation- taking vitamins to substitute for what not getting because of genetic disorder.
25. What is the most severe response that may occur from viral gene therapy?
Death.
What are macronutrients?
Adequate nutrition that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease.
What does water do in your body?
Water is needed to digest, absorb, and transport nutrients. Water helps regulate body temperature, carries waste products out of the body and lubricates our moving parts.
What is the main provider of energy for your brain and nervous system?
Carbohydrates
What is fiber? What does it do?
Fiber helps maintain proper digestion and is easily run through the body.
What do proteins do in the body?
Helps your body build and maintain muscles, bones, and other body tissues. Proteins also form enzymes that in turn facilitate chemical reactions.
The acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for protein is _____ percent of daily energy intake.
10-35%
What are saturated fats?
Lipids that are predominant fat in animal products and other fats that remain solid at room temperature.
What are unsaturated fats?
Lipids that are liquids at room temperature.
Which caloric essential nutrient is more likely to be stored as fat?
carbohydrates
What are trans-fatty acids? Are they hazardous to your health?
Lipids that have been chemically modified through the process of hydrogenation
So that they remain solid at room temperature. Yes, that pose a risk to cardiovascular disease.
How many essential minerals does the human body need?
20 essential minerals.
How many specific vitamins does the human body need?
At least 11 specific vitamins.
What are free radicals?
Unstable molecules that are produced when oxygen is metabolized and that damage cell structure and DNA.
What are antioxidants?
Substances in food that neutralize the effects of free radicals
What are phytonutrients?
Substances that are naturally produced by plants to protect themselves and that
Provide health benefits in the human body.
What is at the tip of the Asian food pyramid?
Meat.
Where does most of our dietary sodium come from?
Packaged foods, convenience foods, fast foods, and restaurant foods.
Which 8 foods are responsible for most food allergies?
Milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, soy and wheat.
Can food allergies be life-threatening?
Yes they can cause anaphylactic shock, when the throat swells and closes up.
Can energy drinks be dangerous? When? Why?
Yes, not after vigorous workout or in combination with alcohol. Not by pregnant
Women, children, young teens, or older adults, or people with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma or sleep disorders.
What is a safety concern regarding organic foods?
They are at a higher risk of contracting food borne illnesses.
What is the most common cause of food-borne illness?
Food intoxication or by food infection. Most common pathogens are Escherichia
Coli (E. Coli), salmonella,, and campylobacter.
How many Americans die each year from food-borne illness?
5,000 die each year.
Can e-coli be fatal?
E. coli 0157:H7 can be very dangerous and fatal, kills nearly 250 to 500 people each year.
What are the most common symptoms of food-borne illness?
Flu like symptoms, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, and chills.
Should you defrost meat and poultry at room temperature? Why or why not?
No because while it is defrosting the bacteria could affect the meat and grow on it causing it to be contaminated.
. Is it necessary for most people to take nutritional supplements?
It is not necessary nor recommended, you should get your nutrients from a healthy diet instead.
Who regulates water quality in the US and inspects it?
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Does vitamin water have about as many calories as soda pop?
Yes
Is water that is bottled and sold in the same state it was extracted exempt from inspection?
No bottled water is only inspected by the FDA when it is exported across different states.
What is health-related fitness?
Ability to perform daily living activities with vigor.
What is skill-related fitness?
Ability to perform specific skills associated with various sports and leisure activities.
What does physical activity do for the body?
Provides a longer lifespan, and improves function in mostly all body systems.
Know the difference between low, moderate, and vigorous physical activity.
Low: slow walking, canoeing, and playing cards.
Moderate : Activity that noticeably increases heart-rate.
Vigorous: causes rapid breathing and a substantial increase in heart rate.
What are the 4 components of cardiorespiratory training?
Frequency, Intensity, Time, and type of activity.
How often should someone who wants to maintain their weight participate in cardiorespiratory training?
5 to 6 times a week.
How often should someone who wants to lose weight participate in cardiorespiratory training?
5 to 6 times a week
What are the benefits of resistance training?
Increased lean body mass, bone mineral density, improved glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, decreased anxiety and depression.
What happens to flexibility as we age?
Aging is accompanied by shortening of tendons and an increased rigidity in muscles and joints.
Know the different body types. Which one adds muscle more easily than the others?
Mens bodies sex hormones of a greater influences of producing large amounts of muscle mass. Women do produce this same hormone but only about 10% of the levels that men do.
What are the benefits of stretching?
Promotes flexibility, reduced muscle tension, and prevents injuries.
What are the 4 popular stretching techniques?
Passive stretching, static stretching, ballistic stretching, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.
How do you turn light activity into moderate activity?
Turn up the intensity: get up to change the channels, ride your bike instead of taking the bus, take two stairs at a time.
When does the most significant drop in physical activity typically occur in people’s lives?
Last few years of high school and first year of college.
What are common barriers to an active lifestyle cited by adults?
Inconvenience, lack of self-motivation, lack of time, fear of injury, exercise is boring, lack of social support, and lack of confidence in one’s ability.
What percentage of deaths are associated with sedentary lifestyles?
28% of deaths are associated with sedentary lifestyles.
What is the connection between aerobic fitness and loss of cognitive abilities?
Aerobic fitness may prevent or slow down the loss of cognitive functions associated with advancing age.
How does physical activity affect mood?
Decreases the risk of depression and anxiety, relieves stress, and improves overall quality of life.
What are the benefits of cross-training?
You avoid the boredom of participating in the same exercise everyday and you reduce the risk of overuse injuries.
How does strength training impact metabolism?
It improves glucose metabolism which in turn allows you to metabolism food faster and more frequently.
Know the BMI ranges.
Underwight- less than 18.5
Healthy weight- 18.5-24.9
Overweight- 25-29.9
Obese- >30
What are the indicators for a healthy weight?
Acceptable body mass index, a fat distribution that is not a risk factor for illness, and the absence of any medical conditions that would suggest you need weight loss.
What is BMI primarily used for?
To estimate the health significance of body weight.
How does body fat percentage affect hormone production?
The interaction of hormones controls your daily calorie intake to within 10 calories of balanced food intake and energy expenditure Ex- thyroid disorder..
What physical and mental conditions are affected by low body fat levels?
Feelings of depression or anxiety and physical conditions lead to unhealthy looks of lifestyle due to malnutrition.
Know the difference between “apple” and “pear” shapes and health concerns related to body shape.
“apple” shapes are more likely to be men and have a greater chance of cardiovascular disease because fat in the stomach is more likely to be released into the blood stream. “Pear” shapes are more likely to be woman because they have more fat storing cells than men do.
Can a person change from a “pear” to an “apple”? When? How?
Person can change from apple to pear mostly when they hit mid adulthood, they change how they eat or their cells change where fat is stored.
Is there a genetic link to obesity? How do we know this?
8. Is there a genetic link to obesity? How do we know this?
Yes, the genetic to obesity involves a complex reaction of multiple genes and the environment. Person with both parents obese 80% likely to be obese also.
Do girls experience in increase in body fat during puberty?
Yes, their bodies are preparing them for childbirth with increased body fat especially in the hips, buttocks, and thighs.
What factor is the greatest influence on the growth of weight problems in the US?
Family habits and food environments.
What is the thermic affect of food? How much of our total energy does it take?
Estimating the energy required to process the food you eat. Estimated at about 10% energy intake.
What is BMR? How much energy does it take? What happens to it as we age?
Basal Metabolic Rate-rate at which your body uses energy for basic life functions such as breathing, circulation, and temperature regulation. Takes about 60-70% of energy that is consumed. As our bodies age, our BMR slows down.
If you are trying to lose weight, what is a healthy weekly weight-loss goal?
Have the right energy balance, relationship between caloric intake and caloric output. Loosing 1 to 2 pounds a week.
To increase your chance of success with a weight-loss plan, you should avoid plans that do what?
Losing weight unhealthy or skipping meals, just decrease the amount of caloric intake and increase the amount of exercise.
When should someone consider starting a very low calorie (800 or less) diet?
When they are at great risks because of obesity.
Know the different types of weight-loss drugs, how they work, side-effects.
Amphetamines- are appetite suppressants, the curb the appetite for about 3 months, they can become addictive and needing more. Examples are Fenfluramine and Sibutramine are appetite suppressants but can be dangerous.
Thermogenic drugs- are a stimulant that increases BMR to produce increased energy expenditure, like caffeine and ephedrine. They can cause shakiness, dizziness, and sleeping difficulties.
Fat-blocking drugs- reduce the absorption of dietary fat by the body. It inhibits enzymes that break down fat in the stomach and intestines. FDA approved (ALLI).
What is the size acceptance movement?
Seek to decrease negative body image and to encourage self- acceptance.
What does achieving a healthy weight for life depend mainly upon?
Individuals and society have to play roles in reversing our trend.
Does BMI work for everyone?
No, BMI may not be accurate for athletes with all muscle or older people who only have body fat tissue.
What does research show will more likely happen to you if your friends gain weight?
You will also gain weight, the more comfortable you are with a friend the more likely you will adapt to them and be just like them.
Men tend to see in increase in abdominal fat at what age?
Early 50’s
Are men and women’s weight gain patterns the same through the life-span? Be able to support your answer.
Men start to gain abdominal fat in their early 50’s Women in there Late 40’s early 50’s go through in change in weight distribution also.
Define calorie restriction
A reduction in calorie intake below daily needs.
At what stage of life is a person most likely to develop eating disorders?
During adolescence
How do eating disorders compare regarding gender? Race/ethnicity?
Women are more likely to be dissatisfied with their body than men, White women have the greater body dissatisfaction but black, Asian, and Hispanic have reported similar concerns. Asian men participated in more drastic weight loss then white men.
What does “dysmorphia” mean?
Preoocupation with an imagined or exaggerated defect in appearance.
How do men and women differ in their reasons for dieting?
Women would rather be thin and have soft figures, men want to be big and muscular.
What sports have the highest risk for athletes developing eating disorders? The lowest risk?
Wrestling, dance, gymnastics, swimming, cycling, distance running, and horse racing. Women who compete in nonelite sports have a less risk.
How common are eating disorders?
In the last 30years the number in the US have doubled.
What type of illness are eating disorders?
Chronic illnesses
What organization sets the standard for diagnosing eating disorders?
American Psychiatric Association- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR).
What are some of the long-term side effects of severe calorie restriction in women?
Increased risk of infection, discolored skin, erosion of teeth, irregular heart beat, and kidney failure.
Know the symptoms for Anorexia Nervosa.
Refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal weight.
Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.
Disturbance in the way in which ones body weight or shape is experienced.
Amenorrhea- the absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles.
Know the symptoms for Bulimia.
Recurrent episodes of binge eating in the sense of eating frequently and feeling out of control while eating
Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain such as self induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas and excessive exercise.
Episodes occur on average at least twice a week for 3 months.
Self- evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.
What is binge eating disorder? How does it differ from Bulimia?
Binge eating disorder is a eating disorder marked by binge eating behavior without the vomiting or purging of bulimia.
Know the different types of Bulimia.
Anorexia nervosa- starving yourself.
Bulimia Nervosa- purge eating then getting rid of it
Binge-eating disorder- binge eating, leads to obesity
What are the health effects of Anorexia Nervosa? Of Bulimia?
Anorexia- low immune system, dry skin, swollen legs, decreased brain size, low blood pressure. Bulimia- Swollen face, eroded teeth, heartburn, bloating, irregular heart beats, bad kidneys.
Which of the eating disorders is most often associated with electrolyte imbalance?
Bulimnia
What are common warning signs a person may have an eating disorder?
Large weight loss in a short amount of time, yo-yo weight fluctuations within a 10-15lb range, or excessive weight gain.
What is “activity disorder”?
Excessive or addictive exercising, undertaken to address psychological needs rather than improved fitness.
What is the “female athlete triad”?
Interrelated conditions of disordered eating, amenorrhea and osteoporosis.
How does culture affect body image?
Culture tells us how were suppose to look what weight were suppose to be so we try to fit that image.
What does virulence mean?
Speed and intensity with which a pathogen is likely to cause an infection.
Know the pathogens
Viruses- Cant reproduce on their own have to replicate inside a host cell. Virus infects a host cell by binding to its receptors and injecting its genetic material into the cell.
Bacteria- Single- celled organisms classified as spherical, rodlike, or spiral. Speed of replication occurs from 20mins- 2 weeks. Can be good or bad bacteria, normal flora vs. E. coli.
Prions- responsible for neurodegenerative disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease. Made entirely of protein found in brain tissue and are in the shape of the tissues they are infecting.
Fungi- single or multi celled plant. Yeasts and mold cause infections in humans.
Helminths- helminthes, protozoa, and ectoparasites are also parasites, organisms that live in the host and get food at the expense of the host.
Protozoa- Single celled organisms can live independently of host. Infection can be transmitted by contaminated water, feces, or food.
Ectoparasites- Complex organisms that live on the skin where they feed on the hosts tissue or blood. Ex- fleas, ticks, lice, mosquitoes, and scabies.
How are pathogens spread?
Pathogens can be spread by contact to contact with hands fluids or lots of ways.
How do viruses replicate? What do they need?
Viruses replicate by inside another organisms cell by infecting the hosts cell and either copying itself, burst the cell, or release copies into more cells.
Know the chain of infection. Be able to identify each link.
Susceptible host (factors in influencing risk of infection), Infectious agent (types of pathogens), reservoir (where organisms survive), portal of exit(how organisms leave the body), mode of transmission(how organism spreads), and portal of entry(how organism enters new host).
What causes Mad Cow Disease?
Prions
What is a parasite?
A parasite lives in a close relationship with another organism, its host, and causes it harm
What pathogen causes yeast infections?
Fungi
What is the innate immune system?
Part of the immune system designed to rapidly dispose of pathogens in a nonspecific manner.
What are physical barriers? Chemical barriers? In relation to the immune system.
Physical barriers-physical barriers are the skin and tiny hair particles.
Chemical barriers- bacteria in salvia, strong stomach acids, small intestine has bile and enzymes to break down pathogens, hair follicles excrete fatty acids and lysosomzes.
What are B cells? What do they do?
Lymphocytes, they monitor the blood and tissue fluids, when they encounter certain antigens they mature and become cells that release antibodies
What is the acquired immune response?
It develops a memory for your exposures so it can rapidly get rid of it next time.
What are lymphocytes?
White blood cells that circulate in the blood stream and lymphatic system.
What are helper cells?
T-cells
What are memory cells?
Cells that remember what pathogens are and how to treat them.
What is immunity?
Reduced susceptibility to a disease based on the ability of the immune system to remember, recognize, and mount a rapid defense against q pathogen it has previously encountered.
What is antibiotic resistance? What factors contribute to it?
Lessened sensitivity to the effects of an antibiotic. Factors are the frequency with which resistant genes arise naturally among bacteria through mutation and the extent of antibiotic use.
What are the main factors thought to influence bacterial resistance?
Resistant genes arise because the rapid reproduction of bacteria.
What is lysozyme?
A bacteriolytic enzyme that is found in a number of biological fluids, including tears, saliva, and egg white.
What is the body’s first line of defense against infection?
Skin
What are phagocytes? What do they do?
are the white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.
What is an “allergic reaction”?
When a immune system identifies a harmless foreign substance as a infectious agent and mounts a full blown immune response.
How do vaccines work?
A part of the dead virus is injected and the immune system retrieves a memory of the pathogen and a response of how to get rid of it.
What percentage of antibiotics prescribed in the US are thought to be unnecessary?
Up to about 50% of the cases.
What is the leading cause of death in the US?
Cardiovascular Disease.
What is atherosclerosis?
Thickening or hardening of the arteries due to the building of lipid deposits.
What is a myocardial infarction?
Lack of blood to the heart muscle with resulting death of heart tissue; often called a heat attack.
What is an embolism?
Blood clot that travels from elsewhere in the body.
What is a thrombosis?
Blood clot that forms in a narrowed or damaged artery.
What is a hemorrhage?
Rupture of a blood vessel
What is an aneurysm?
Weak or stretched spot in an artery wall that can tear or rupture, causing sudden death.
What is a stroke?
Lack of blood flow to the brain with resulting death of brain tissue.
What are the symptoms of stroke?
Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, leg, sudden confusion, trouble seeing, trouble walking, severe headache.
What are the symptoms of heart attack?
Chest discomfort, discomfort in other areas of the upper body, shortness of breath.
What is PVD?
Peripheral Vascular Disease- atherosclerosis in the blood vessels in the arm or leg.
What is the optimal range for blood pressure?
120/80
What is rheumatic fever?
Acute disease that can occur as a complication of an untreated strep throat infection.
What is hypertension?
Blood pressure that is forceful enough to damage artery walls
15. What ethnic population has the highest rate of hypertension?
Blacks have the highest risk.
16. What are uncontrollable risk factors for heart disease?
Genetics, age, race, ethnicity, gender.
17. What risk factors for heart disease can be controlled?
Tobacco use, hypertension, unhealthy blood cholesterol levels, physical inactivity, overweight, and diabetes.
18. What is the greatest uncontrollable risk factor for heart disease?
Family history or genetics
19. What are LDL’s
Low-density lipoproteins- “bad” cholesterol lipoproteins that accumulate in plaque and contribute to arthrosclerosis.
20. What are HDL’s
High-density lipoproteins- “good” cholesterol lipoproteins that help clear cholesterol from cells and atherosclerotic deposits and transport it back to the liver for recycling.
21. What is the leading factor for heart disease that can be controlled?
Hypertension
22. Does second-hand smoke increase the risk of heart disease?
Yes
23. What is metabolic syndrome?
Condition characterized by a combination of obesity, especially central obesity; elevated blood pressure; dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance, a pre-diabetes condition.
24. Do hostility and anger increase your risk of heart disease?
Yes
What is angioplasty?
Procedure to reopen blocked coronary artery, in which balloon catheter (a thin plastic tube) is threaded into the narrowed area and inflated to stretch the vessel open again.
What are stem cells? What makes them unique from other cells?
Undifferentiated cells capable of unlimited division that can give rise to specialized cells.
What safety mechanisms does the body use to prevent the uncontrolled growth of cells?
Healthy cells have a complicated system of checks and balances that control cell growth and division.
What determines how a cancer is diagnosed?
Cancers are classified according to the tissue in which they originate, called the primary site.
What is metastasis?
When a cancer spreads from one part of the body to another.
What is invasion?
When a cancer is metastasized it is then invasive.
Know the 4 types of cancers. Which is most common?
Carcinomas- cancers that arise from epithelial tissue (skin, lining of intestines, and body cavities)
Sarcomas- cancers that originate in connective tissue (bone, tendon, cartlidge, muscle, or fat tissues).
Leukemia- cancers of the blood originating in the bone marrow or the lymphatic system.
Lymphomas- cancers that originate in the lymph nodes or glands.
-Most common are carcinomas, lung cancer.
Which genes are associated with breast cancer?
BRCA1 and BRCA2
What is the most significant risk factor for most cancers?
Poor environmental factors are the risk factors for most cancers
What is ionizing radiation? What are some sources?
Radiation with enough energy to displace electrons from atoms. Some sources are radon, medical x-rays, nuclear medicine, and consumer products(tobacco, building materials, television, and computer screens).
What environmental conditions can increase the risk for cancer?
Ultraviolet radiation, rays of energy that come from sun or sun lamps.
Ionizing radiation, radiation with enough energy to displace electrons to atoms.
Carcinogens, mercury, lead, motor vehicle exhaust, soot, and pesticides.
Infectious agents- virus like HPV are linked to cervical cancer Hepatitis B and C are liked to liver cancer.
How does diet affect cancer risk?
Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains decrease the risk for cancer.
Diets high in fat increase the risk of cancer.
Know the different types of skin cancer. Which is most deadly? Why?
Melanoma- directly related to sun exposure.
Basal cell- new ski growth in a raised lesion like a pearl edge or boarder.
Squamous- develop form precancerous spot called actinic keratosis.
- Melanoma is more dangerous because it is capable of spreading quickly to any part of the body.
What is radon?
It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as the decay product of radium. It is one of the heaviest substances that remains a gas under normal conditions and is considered to be a health hazard due to its radioactivity.
What viruses are associated with cancer?
HPV, Hepatitis B &C, Epstein-Barr, and HIV.
What cancer is the leading cause of death for Americans?
Lung cancer
What are the risk factors for breast cancer?
Early menstruation, late menopause, family history in first degree relative, older age, never having children or having them after 30, obese after menopause, hormone replacement therapy, drink 2 or more alcoholic beverages a day.
HRT increases the risk of what type(s) of cancer?
HRT- hormone replacement therapy, increased the risk of breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer.
What is the most frequent type of cancer diagnosed in women? In men?
Breast cancer for women and prostate cancer for men.
What types of skin cancers are associated with tanning beds?
Melanoma, basal cell, and squamous cell carcinomas.
What are the ABCD’s of skin cancer identification?
A- asymmetry; is one half unlike the other?
B- Boarder irregularity; does it have an uneven, scalloped edge rather than a clearly undefined boarder?
C- Color variation; is the color uniform, or does it vary from one area to another, from tan to brown to black , or from white to red to blue?
D- Diameter larger than ¼ inch; at its widest point, is the growth as large as, or larger than, a pencil eraser?
What does malignant mean?
Tending to metastasize , cancerous use of a tumor
What does benign mean?
Not malignant, no danger to health, treatable
Which type(s) of UV rays are associated with skin cancer?
UVA AND UVB
What is SPF?
Measure of the degree to which sunscreen protects the skin from damaging UV radiation from the sun.
How can you reduce your risk of skin cancer?
Stay out of the sun during midday 10am-4pm, wear protective clothing, wear sunscreen with a SPF 15 or higher, and wear sunglasses with UV protection.