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158 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
consent
each person is fre to act
person gives permission
responsibility to get consent lies with person who initiates activity
consent can be withdrawn at any time
sexual violence stats
20-25% of women have experiences rape or attempted rape
80% know the perpatrator
women are more likely to be vicims than men
34% of women have been victims of coercion
most perpatrators are men
violence = power issue
used by members of a more powerful group to take over a less powerful group (ex: financial power, legal power, psych. power, physical power)
stalking
a person is afraid for their safety b/c they have been watched, sped on, waited for, called, sent emails or letters, etc. repeatedly
examples of sexual harassment
verbal comments, gestures physical contact, quid pro quo
where most assualt happens
by someone the person knows in a private residence
risk factors for perpatration
alcohol and drugs, coercive fantasies, impulsive tendencies, preference for impersonal sex, hostility towards women, hypermasculinity, childhood history of abuse
assosciation with aggressive or delinquent pairs
strong patrarchal relationship or environment
unsupportive family environment
poverty
societal norms
weak laws about gender equity
high tolerance for crime
preventing sexual violence
prevention, risk reduction/avoidance, self-defense
why men should care about rape
men are rape
rape confines men
men know survivors

men can stop rape
things men can do to protect sexual violence
realize that its a men's issue that affects women, dont remain silent, understand how your attitudes and actions can perpatrate sexism, offer help to women close to you, respect women, speak out against homophobia, educate yourself on gender issues, mentor boys on how to treat women, refuse to purchase magazines, videos, etc. that degrade women
consent
each person is fre to act
person gives permission
responsibility to get consent lies with person who initiates activity
consent can be withdrawn at any time
sexual violence stats
20-25% of women have experiences rape or attempted rape
80% know the perpatrator
women are more likely to be vicims than men
34% of women have been victims of coercion
most perpatrators are men
violence = power issue
used by members of a more powerful group to take over a less powerful group (ex: financial power, legal power, psych. power, physical power)
stalking
a person is afraid for their safety b/c they have been watched, sped on, waited for, called, sent emails or letters, etc. repeatedly
examples of sexual harassment
verbal comments, gestures physical contact, quid pro quo
where most assualt happens
by someone the person knows in a private residence
risk factors for perpatration
alcohol and drugs, coercive fantasies, impulsive tendencies, preference for impersonal sex, hostility towards women, hypermasculinity, childhood history of abuse
assosciation with aggressive or delinquent pairs
strong patrarchal relationship or environment
unsupportive family environment
poverty
societal norms
weak laws about gender equity
high tolerance for crime
preventing sexual violence
prevention, risk reduction/avoidance, self-defense
why men should care about rape
men are rape
rape confines men
men know survivors

men can stop rape
things men can do to protect sexual violence
realize that its a men's issue that affects women, dont remain silent, understand how your attitudes and actions can perpatrate sexism, offer help to women close to you, respect women, speak out against homophobia, educate yourself on gender issues, mentor boys on how to treat women, refuse to purchase magazines, videos, etc. that degrade women
sleep deprivation stats
40 million ammericans suffer from sleep problems
30-30 million do not get enough sleep
functions of sleep
necessary for survival
growth/repair (growth hormones in kids, cell production, slowed activity in parts of brain that control decision making and emotions)
nervous system functioning (neurons repaired, exercising neural connections)
sleep cycles
each cycle is 90-110 min. and made of stages (1-4 = REM/quiet sleep, affect integration of memory)
1. light sleep
2. 50% of sleep time - brain waves slow in occasional bursts of rapid waves)
3-4. deepest: repair and regenerate tissue and strengthen immunity
5. REM - occurs after about 90 min. (rapid eye movement, vivid dreams, high HR, increased breathing); lasts 10 min. in first cycle and increases to 90-120 min. intervals; simulates brain regions used in learning - can help brain development in infants and consolidate memory to exercise nerve networks; can affect procedural memory
effects of sleep deprivation
decrease in: attention, concentration, memory, cognitive judgment, reaction time, immunity, emotional function, academics, creativity, problem solving, math skills
increase in: risk of depression and other psych. issues, types 2 diabetes and obesity, hypertension, relationship probs., car wrecks
sleep tips
make a schedule, exercise, avoid caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, etc. before bed, relax before bed, sleep until sunlight, don't lie in bed awake, control room temp, see a doctor if prob. continues
people's interpretation of stess
stress = worry
body's interpretation of stess
stress = change
what causes stress
interaction b/t stressors and a person's perception and reaction to the stressors; if not dealt with effectively, feelings of lonlieness, neurosis, sleeplessness, and excessive worrying can result
stress is...
psychological, but the affects are physiological
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
automatic nervous system
consists of sympathetic nervous system (norepinepherine) and para-sympathetic
endocrine system
under auspices of ANS, primarily the SNS
specific glands, tissues, and calls control body functions by releasing hormones and chemical messengers into the bloodstream
stress hormones are examples of these entities (cortisol, catcholamines/epinephrine via adrenal glands)
fight or flight response
created by walter canon
stress response
stressful event - automatics NS is stimulated and adrenaline and norepinephrine are released by adrenal glands; endocrine system: pitutary glands ACTH into blood and ACTH stimulates release cortisol and other stress hormones by adrenal glands
how people respond to stress
fight or flight, return to homeostasis
emotional and behavioral responses to stress
a person's perception of the stressor determines the resulting emotional or behavioral response; the more intense the response to the stressor, the more intense the physical response
behavioral responses to stress
controlled by the somatic nervous system; effective respsonses can promote wellness and enable us to function at our best; inappropriate responses include substance abuse, overeating, and hostility
coping
the act of managing behaviors to lessen the physical and psych. effects of excess stress; directly related to decreased anxiety and decreased academic failure
signs of successful coping
good knowledge of the world you live in, ability to use inner resources, believing you have control, social support, spiritual orientation
factors affecting somatic response to stressors
perceived prob. solving abilities, personality types, gender, past experience
type a personality
high motivation, time conscious, hard driving, hostile and impatient, cynical

high stress risk
type b personality
easy going, non-aggressive, patient

low stress risk
type c personality
supesses emotion and anger, feel hopeless and in dispair, unable to forgive, low self-esteem

high risk for stress
general adaption syndrome
Hans Selve
3 stages:
alarm
resistance
exhaustion
allostatic load concept
high load is linked to greater risk for disease
links b/s stress and certain conditions
altered immune system fuction
endocrine effects and pregnancy complications
cardio. disease
psych. probs.
injuries
digestion probs.
insomnia and fatigue
headaches
common sources of stress
major life changes, daily hassles, job-realted stressors, social stressors, environmental stressors
hassles
irritating and annoying things that place demands on our time
uplifts
positive experiences that buffer negative affects of hassles
college student stress
academic stressors, interpersonal stressors, time-related pressures, financial probs.
techniques for managing stress
time management skills, take action, employ cognitive techniques, sleep, eat well, exercise, rest your mind, take time for fun, address self-esteem, ask for help
relaxation response
progressive relaxation, visualization, meditation, biofeedback, deep breathing, yoga, music, massage
dangerous coping strategies
use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs, binge eating, etc.
continuum of substance abuse
abstinence -- experimentation -- use -- abuse ---- physical dependence -- death
basic info about alcohol
ethanol alcohol is a CNS depressant

alcohol enters the bloodstream through the stomach wall and upper intestine -- usually reaches the blood stream in about 15 minutes ad reaches its peak concentration in about 1 hr.
absorption of alcohol
stomach -- intestines -- bloodstream

alcohol primarily dilutes itself in the water volume of the body

vital organs that contain a lot of water ad require a high amount of flood flow are the most affected
metabolism of alcohol
- 90-95% of alcohol consumed is metabolized by the liver; broken down into two enzymes (alcohol dehydrongenase and CYP2E1 -- acetaldhyde is a harmful byproduct)

a small amt. is metabolize in the stomach
a small amt. is excreted unchanged -- breath and urine tests
effects of alcohol on metabolism
body weight
sex hormones
medications
liver
addiction
immediate effects of alcohol
- .03-.05%: relaxation and jovial
- at .05%: mental impairment, emotional instability, impaired RT
at .1%: physical impairment
at .2%: uncontrollable movement
at .35%: coma and possible death
impairment
occurs on a cellular level in the brain
disrupts cell protein arrangements
level of disruption is based on tolerance level
brain adapts to assure CNS functioning
alcohol withdrawl
symptoms:
- sleep disturbance
- irritability, anxiety, restlessness
- tremors/"morning shakes"
- physical weakness and rapid HR
- mental sluggishness
- difficulty thinking clearly of flexibly
tolerance
tolerance
functional tolerance
why students drink
social dependence
psychological dependence
physical dependence
biological risk for alcoholism
1. parent or grandparent with alcoholism?
2. multiple fam. members w/ alcoholism?
3. high tolerance?

if all answers are no, no increased risk
if yes to #1 or #3, moderate risk
if yes to #1 AND #3 or yes to #2, high risk
causes of alocholism
precise causes are unknown, h/o the following factors are involved:
- genetics
- personality
- social factors
- environment
- family structure
alcoholism
nearly 14 million people in the US (1 in 13 adults) abuse alcohol or are alcoholic
people who start drinking at an early age (14 or younger) greatly increase risk of developing alcohol probs. at some point
health of effects of alchoholism
physical: acute withdrawal symptoms or more severe ones (seizures, DTs)
social: causes dysfunctional relationships
economical: affects employment and health care costs
treatment for alcoholism
rehab centers, hospitals, medication, counseling, support groups
facts about sexual health
- 15 million new cases of STIs in the US
- 2/3 of new STI cases occur in people under 25
- half of all americans acquire an STI by age 25
- US has higher rates of STIs than other developed country
- 50 million americans have genital herpes (1.6 million new cases per year)
- at least 15% of all infertile women are because of tubal damage due to PID, resulting from an STI
- less than half of adults ages 18 to 44 have ever been tested for an STD other than HIV
good sexual practices for women
consistently use BC
monthly breast self-exam
avoid feminine hygiene sprays, douches, and bubble baths
wash hands and genitals before and after sex
urinate after sex
wipe genitals front to back
use condoms consistently
go to gyno after age 18
for women...
most women do not experience symptoms for STIs, chlamydia, HIV, and gonorrhea
good sexual practices for men
monthly testicular exam
wash genitals before and after sex
wear condoms for any sexual activity
regular STI screening
discharge STIs
- HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis
-transmitted when infected semen or vaginal fluids contact mucosal surfaces (urethra, vagina, cervix)
- condoms offer best protection by providing impermeable barrier to STI pathogens
genital ulcer diseases
- transmitted by skin to skin contact
- genital herpes, syphilis, HPV
- less protection through condoms because infection can occur in areas outside of condom
- condom use has been associated with decreased risk of cervical cancer in women
vaginal infections (yeast)
can cause thrush (colored discharge and itching); protozoan infections are trichomonisis
bacterial vaginosis
common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge
pubic lice
crabs that are highly contagious and feed on blood around and in hairs
scabies
parasites that deposit eggs beneath skin creating an intense itch
STIs - seek medical attn. if...
you experience:
unusual discharge
painful urination
unusual bumps or lesions
unusual vaginal bleeding
pain in abdomen
retrograde ejaculation
inflamed prostate
itching and soreness
fever or flu-like symptoms
curable STIs
bacterial: chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
also: trich. and pubic lice
STIs that stay in body for life
viral: 4 H's: Herpes, HIV, HPV, and hepatitis
untreated bacterial an viral STDs
can lead to:
damage to rep. system or sterility
increased risk of other infections, such as STIs, bladder infections, bacterial infections
cancer of penis, vulva, cervix, and liver
transmission to child during delivery
death
STI vaccines
Hepatitis B (and A): 3 injections over a 6 month period

HPV (gardasil): by age 50 over 80% of women will have acquired HPV; protects against 4 types of HPV responsible for 70% of cervical cancer and 90% of genital warts; approved for women ages 9-26; series of 3 injections over 6 mon. ($120/shot)
STI testing
very important for you and your partner; person cannot be tested for everything; testing available at GT health center and other local agencies
HIV infection
more than 65 million people have been infected with HIV; 1 million americans are living with HIV; continues to spread even though death rates have declined among americans; a cure has not yet been discovered

what is it? chronic virus that attacks the immune system (CD4cells, monocytes, and macrophages

spread through: direct contact involving exchange of blood, semen, vaginal secretions; through infected blood products; prenatal transmission or during breast feeding
phases of HIV
following several weeks after being infected: about half of those develop flu symptoms -- primary infection phase (when half of all HIV cases are spread)

chronic asymptomatic stage: can last 2-30 yrs.; during this time, the virus is progressively infecting and destroying cells of the immune system
diagnosis of HIV
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

western BLOT test

rapid tests, home tests and non-blood tests are currently available
diagnosing AIDS
more severe than HIV

diagnosis is made if:
person is HIV positive
has developed an infection defined as AIDS indicator
has severely damaged immune system based on CD4 T cell count
HIV treatment
no cure

medications can slow progression: antiviral drug cocktails, treatments for opportunistic infections
chlamydia
- most prevalent bacteria
- majority of those infected are asymptomatic
- symptoms in men: painful urination, slight watery discharge, pain in testes
- symptoms in women: vaginal discharge, burning urination, lower abdominal pain
- diagnosis: urine sample
- treatment: antibiotics
gonorrhea
- bacteria; est. 700,000 new cases annually
- symptoms for men: yellow discharge (urethritis); swollen lymph glands in groin
- symptoms of women: most women are asymptomatic but will sometimes have discharge and pain during urination
- diagnosis: culture from urine or discharge sample
- treatment: antibiotics
pelvic inflammatory disease
- occurs when the initial infection of either gonorrhea or chlamydia goes beyond the cervix
- even if disease is treated effectively, 25% will still have l/t problems
- leading cause of infertility among young women
- risk increases as # of parters increases
- diagnosis usually requires a pelvic exam and lab tests
- treatment w/ antibiotics
HPV
- virus
- genital warts that can lead to cervical cancer in women or penile cancer in men
- very contagious and difficult to control since many people are asymptomatic
- symptoms: growths that cause irritation and bleeding
- diagnosis: appearance of lesions, biopsy, testing of cervical cells
- treatment: cryosurgery or laser surgery
genital herpes
- caused by herpes simplex 2 virus (HS2)
- infected ppl. can appear asymptomatic
- herpes lesions can contain and transmit HIV
- symptoms: flu-like w/ painful lesions around genitals
- diagnosis: sample of fluid from lesions
- treatment: no cure but antivirals can reduce symptoms
hepatitis B
- virus
- inflammation of the liver
- transmission: contact with blood, semen, saliva, urine, and vaginal secretions (sex or drug use)
- symptoms: fever, nausea, abdominal pain, jaundice -- many are asymptomatic
- diagnosis: blood test
- treatment: no cure -- use antivirals
syphilis
- cause by spirochete (thing, corkscrew shaped bacteria)
- transmitted through passing the pathogen through breaks in the skin of mucous membranes via kissing or sexual activity
- symptoms: sores (chancre) that are usually painless
- late damage can damage organs of the body and lead to death
- diagnosis: blood test
- treatment: antibiotics
what you can do about STIs
education
vaccines
knowledge of symptoms
getting tested
informing partners
getting treatment
cardiovascular overview
heart
blood
arteries
veins
capillaries
functions of cardiovascular system
deliver nutrients and oxygen to the body
transport wastes for disposal
transport hormones and signaling proteins for regulation of body functions
regulate body temp.
fight infection
arteries
high pressure
away from the heart

walls made of smooth muscle
can expand and contract in diameter
veins
low pressure
towards the heart
blood flows from body
right atrium -- right ventricle -- lungs -- left atrium -- left ventricle -- to body
blood overview
blood is thicker
55% plasma
44% mostly red blood cells
1% white blood cells
circulatory system
adult human has about 100,000 mi. of blood vessels
carotid artery
supplies blood to the brain

most likely place for a stroke to occur

can become blocked by disease
coronary artery
supplies blood to the heart

first to receive oxygen rich blood

can become blocked by disease

most likely to cause a heart attack
veins
vessels that return blood to heart

low pressure

have valves to prevent backflow

pumping action done by muscle contraction

muscle contracts and squeezes the vein; milks blood against gravity and back to the heart
capillaries
smallest blood vessel
allow for oxygen and nutrient exchange
most common blood vessel
about 6 microns in diameter
when we gain weight the size of fat cells increase and more capillaries are created to accomodate these cells -- more demand on heart -- causes higher BP, HR, and heart size
heart hypertrophy
over time the heart will enlarge to meet the increase in demand, but pumping efficiency declines
obesity and heart complication
increases demand on heart
blood pressure and HR go up to meet higher demand
creating a greater risk of heart attack
type II diabetes
cells become insulin resistant

insulin needed to help glucose enter the cell for energy

glucose stays in blood, increasing blood sugar
cardiovascular system and diabetes
your cells need glucose for metabolism

with glucose stuck in the bloodstream, your cells will produce glucose from fat and protein -- glucogenesis -- leads to ketone bodies (risk of ketone acidosis and breath smells like acetone)

as bloodstream fills with byproduct from gluconeogensis, blood thickens
problems assosciated with changes in blood viscosity
heart hypertrophy
increased BP
increased resting HR
sensory nerve endings die in lower limbs
inhibits immune system
can rupture capillaries
kidney failure
loss of lower limb sensation and compromised immune system can turn a small blister into an ulcer
cardiovascular system and diabetes
type II diabetes can start as a prob. maintaining blood sugar, but its the cardiovascular complcations that have severe health consequences
CVD stats.
CVD is the #1 cause of death in the US -- 40% of deaths
leading cause of death in 35-44% of men
over 1.5 million americans experience a heart attack per year; for 25% of these people cardiac arrest will be their first symptom
women 5X more likely to get CVD than breast cancer
CVD costs our economy $400 billion annually
major forms of CVD
CAD (coronary artery disease)
hypertension
stroke
congestive heart failure
atherosclerosis
form of arteriosclerosis -- hardening of the arteries

arteries become narrow due to plaque buildup

process deprives blood and vital oxygen to specific organs, such as heart, brain, etc.

can cause: coronary HD, stroke, peripheral arterial disease
cornonary artery disease process
most common form of CVD

slow buildup of plaque in arteries

reduces blood supple to heart tissue, which can result in onset of symptoms of heart attack
diseased heart
blockage cut off blood supply to artery(ies) which results in heart attack of myocardial ifarction
symptoms of coronary artery disease
can be a response to a lack of oxygen

angina: chest pain or tightness which usually develops upon exertion

arrhythmia: irregular heart bear which occurs when electrical conduction of heart is disrupted; in severe cases this can result in cardiac death
hypertension
blood pressure is the force exerted on artery walls by blood as heart pumps it; measure in mmHg; contracting pressure is called systolic and relaxed pressure is called distolic

hypertension (140/90) -- 30% of adults
prehypertension (120/80 - 139/89)

BP is too high; increased pressure on arteries; heart must pump harder -- increased blood output and resistance in arteries

BP too low: low circulation
normal blood pressure
115/75
factors of hypertension
controllable: obesity, diet (high sodium, low potassium, low calcium), alcohol/drugs, lack of exercise, stress

uncontrollable: ethnicity, heredity, age
treatment of hypertension
controlling BP helps reduce stroke incidence, heart attack incidence, heart failure incidence

only about 34% with hypertension control it right

lifestyle changes and meds.
stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
blood supply to brain is shut off

types: ischemic (blockage), hemorrhagic (ruptures)

diagnosis: CT scan, MRI

treatment: clot dissolving drug therapy (TPAs)
congestive heart failure
heart is not able to pump enough blood to body's other organs -- aka pulmonary edema

also affects kidney's ability to dispose of sodium, causing further edema

causes: other illnesses, heart defects, prior heart attack/damage, high BP

treatment: drugs, lifestyle changes
risk factors of HD
major and changeable: high BP, high choleserol, physical inactivity, smoking, obesity

primary/major
and secondary
cholesterol
derived fat which can be obtained in the diet through consumption of animal products; ca also be produced in body by liver

LDL (low density lipoproteins) -- bad; dump excess choleserol into blood vessels
HDL (high " ") -- good; shuttle unused choleserol to the liver
blood cholesterol values
ratio: total cholesterol divided by HDL; blood profile measure for assessing whether a person's cholesterol is too high; LDL and cholesterol ratio should be as low as possible
altering blood cholesterol
increase HDL while lowering LDL

HDL can be increased through cotinuous exercise and consumption of omega 3 fatty acids

LDL: lowered primarily through diet modification -- lower fat intake and cholesterol intake
risk factors for cancer
tobacco and diet/obesity -- leading risks
sedentary lifstyle
genetics
occupation
virus/bio. agents
alcohol
pollution
UV radiation
what is cancer?
abnormal, uncontrolled cellular growth

these cells do not respond to normal signals to stop growth
- divide w/out appropriate signals
- do not exhibit inhibition/stop b/c of crowding
- continue dividing eventhough there is DNA damage
what is a tumor?
mass of tissue with no physiological function
damage/altered DNA: genes that control cell growth or death are altered

benign: cells look like surrounding tissue, do not spread, and are usually not a heath threat unless it interferes with body function

malignant: cancerous; capable of spreading; life threatening
- in situ: self-contained; hasn't spread
- metastasis: spread of malignant tumor
classifications of cancer
lung
breast
colon
bladder/prostate
leukemias: blood-forming cells
lymphomas: lymphatic system
myelomas: white blood cells
sarcomas: fat, bone, muscle
role of DNA and cancer
- cancer spreads from changes in DNA that affect cell behavior
- DNA mutations: any change in the norm. sequencing of nucleotides as a result of heredity, cell division errors, and mutagens; not longer contains codes for producing proper protein; takes several mutational changes before a norm. cell becomes a cancer cell
genetic mutations that cause cancer
- genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells; also include genes that inhibit cell death (mutated versions of these genes are called oncogenes)
- genes who protein products should directly or indirectly prevent cell division or lead to cell death
heredity and cancer
- most cancers not linked to heredity
- born with only one copy of a gene that is important to cell division/death (apoptosis)
- born with set of genes that icnrease susceptability to carcinogens
- born with a set of genes that do not repair DNA as well as they should
what damages DNA
carcinogens: cancer causing agents
radiation: UV, x-rays, radon, power sources

ingested chemicals: cigarette smoke; household, industrial, environmental; pesticides; in foods -- nitrates and nitrates which can combine with other substances to produce nitrosamines

environmental and industrial pollution

tobacco

microbes: herpes, hepatitis, h-pylori bacteria, HPV
cancer prevention -- diet
low in fat, high in fiber
limited fried starches
more fruits and vegies
alcohol in moderation
avoid obesity
limit on salt-cured, smoked, nitrate-cured foods
antioxidants
help prevent cancer

protect cells from damage by free radicals; neutralize free radicals before they damage cells; interrupt reactions once free radicals have entered cells, preventing damage to DNA
phyochemicals
help prevent cancer

block formation of cancerous growths; disrupt process of tumor growth
physical activity and cancer prevention
lower incidence of cancer in physically active people

perhaps due to improved immunity

helps prevent obesity
skin cancer
UVB -- more damaging
UVA -- tanning
damages connective tissues, leads to wrinkles, premature aging -- leads to development of skin cancer

damage DNA -- uncontrolled cell growth
cancer treatments
surgery, chemo, radiation
biologic therapy: stimulation of immunity with interferon/interleukin; antibodies w/ or w/out radioactive activity

gene therapy, stem cell transplants, drugs that prevent growth of blood vessels to tumors; inhibitors of cell division and ability to invade
7 warning signs of cancer
change in bowel or bladder habits
unusual bleeding or discharge
thickening lump
persistent indigestion or difficulty swallowing
obvious change in wart or more
persistent cough or hoarseness
types of skin cancer
basal cell and squamous cell -- more common
melanoma -- most dangerous, spreads fastest
ABCD of melanoma
Asymmetry
Border irregular
Color irregular and variable
Diameter grater than 1/4 in.
increased risk for melanoma
blondes and redheads
fair skin - freckle easily
actinic keratoses
family history
3 or bad sunburns at a young age
spending a lot of time outside
using tanning beds
prevention
avoid blistering snuburns

wear clothing that offers sun protection

sunscreen: spf 15 or higher; apply 30 min. before going in the sun; reapply frequently

limit sun exposure
smoking and CVD
#1 preventable cause of CVD
nicotene increases BP and HR
carbon dioxide
damage to the arteries
carbon dioxide raises LDL and supresses HDL
accelerates rate of fatty deposit builup
accelerates rate of fatty deposit buildup in arteries
obesity and CVD
major risk factor

what it does: increase strain on heart, causes high CP and cholesterol, type II diabetes, limited activity tolerance
CVD risks factors that cannot be changed
heredity
age
sex
race
CVD risk factors that can be changed
diabetes
elevated trigyleride levels, esp. in combo. w/ low HDLs, obesity, and/or diabetes
social factors
alcohol and other drug use
psych./social factors
stress
chronic hostility and anger
supressing psych. distress
depression
anxiety
social isolation
low socio-economic status
risk factors being studied
inflammation and C-reactive protein
homocysteine
infectious agents
LDL particle size
blood viscosity and iron
screening for CVD
EKG
stress test
echo
chest x-ray
blood tests
angiograms
treatments for disease
balloon angioplasty
coronary bypass surgery
pharmacological treatments
protecting yourself against cardio. disease
heart-healthy diet
manage weight
participate in at least moderate amounts of physical activity
no tobacco
check BP
effective coping strategies
manage medical conditions