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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The goals of cancer treatment
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cure
control palliation |
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adjuvant therapy
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cancer treatment after a surgical procedure to prevent re occurance
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cytotoxic
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the production of toxic effects on cells
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extravasation
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discharge of blood from a vessel into the surrounding tissue
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myelosuppression
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decreased bone marrow activity resulting in fewer RBC's, WBC's and platelets
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tumour suppressor genes
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genes that protect cells from cancer's path
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vesicant
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leakage of drugs out of a vein into the tissue around it causing blistering and tissue damage
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cancer drugs
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these drugs are cytotoxic
the kill cancer cells but can also kill healthy cells |
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coffee ground emesis
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episodes of vomiting that resemble coffee grounds; usually the result of GI bleeding
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ecchymosis
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bruising
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epitaxis
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nose bleed
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melena
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black, tarry feces often resulting from GI bleeding
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Why is it important to assess fluid and electrolyte status of chemo patients?
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vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, loss of appetite
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How does chemo alter a patient's nutritional metabolic pattern?
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Patients will experience protein and caloric malnutrition from fat and muscle depletion.
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Nursing considerations that promote optimal nutrition status for chemo patients.
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increased protein; regeneration of cells
high caloric foods; provides energy |
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Internal radiation vs External radiation
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Internal: implantation of radioactive materials into tumour
External: exposure to radiation from outside machine |
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Nursing care of a patient with internal radiation
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principles of time, distance and sheilding
spend limited time with patient |
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waterproof ink markers
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target areas for radiation therapy
marking will fade over time quick removal; use lotion |
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How will radiation effect hair growth?
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occurs in the area treated
hair loss may occur 2-3 weeks after radiation hair may grow back 3-6 months after radiation |
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What causes weight loss in radiation patients?
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loss of appetite
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Common side effects of radiation
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fatigue
skin reactions change in appetite hair loss bone marrow suppression anxiety depression |
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agglutination
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clumping of antigen bearing cells in presence of antibodies
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agglutinin
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antibody that collects a particular antigen
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agglutinogen
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acts as antigen
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hematocrit
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measures the amount of blood volume made up of RBC's
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hemolysis
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destruction of RBC's
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Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBC)
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provides RBC's without extra fluid
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When are PRBC's used
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low hemaglobin levels
impaired respiratory exchange |
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Whole Blood (WB)
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all components of blood : RBC's, WBC's, platelets and plasma
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When is WB used
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excessive blood loss (hemorrhage)
fluid loss low iron levels anemia |
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Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
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liquid portion of WB; has no platelets
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When is FFP used
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clotting deficiency
liver disease vitamin K deficiency |
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Platelets
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prepared from WB
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When are platelets used
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thrombocytopenia
low platelet levels |
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Nursing assessments during blood transfusion
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chest assessment
vitals |
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Hgb test
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hemoglobin levels
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WBC test
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number of WBC's circulating; neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, leukocytes
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BUN test
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Blood Urea Nitrogen test
amount of urea nitrogen in blood-present in the blood when there is broken down protein circulating in the blood |
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eGFR
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Glomerular Filtration Rate
determines kidney function |
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differential
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the amount of WBC's in blood
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antigen
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any substance that reacts with molecules of the immune system
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Edema that results from decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure is caused by...
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liver disease
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What happens when a patient receiving IV fluids experiences edema?
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Increased capillary filtration pressure
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Normal sodium value
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135-145
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Normal potassium values
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3.5-5
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Normal calcium values
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2.18-2.58
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Normal magnesium values
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0.75-1.25
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Normal phosphorus values
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0.8-1.45
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Normal Chloride values
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96-106
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Respiratory imbalances
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affects carbonic acid concentrations
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Metabolic imbalances
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affects base bicarbonate concentrations
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Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis |
Metabolic
increased base bicarbonate-alkalosis decreased base bicarbonate-acidosis Respiratory increased carbonic acid-acidosis decreased carbonic acid-alkalosis |
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What causes respiratory acidosis?
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HYPOventilation
COPD atelectasis pneumonia |
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What causes respiratory alkalosis?
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HYPERventilation
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What causes metabolic acidosis?
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starvation
diarrhea renal failure shock |
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What causes metabolic alkalosis?
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vomiting
diuretic therapy potassium deficiency |
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Third spacing
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when the fluid is trapped in the interstitial space
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atheroma
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fatty degeneration of inner coat of arteries
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Common peripheral sites for atheroma
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popliteal artery
femoral artery tibial artery |
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total occlusion
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a complete blockage
a build up of plaque over time |
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Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
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narrowing of the arteries mainly occurring in the arteries that supply blood to the legs
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Risk factors for PVD
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smoking
hypertension high cholesterol lack of physical activity obesity diabetes |
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Major complications of PVD
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atrophy of skin and muscles
wound necrosis/infection amputation |
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Intermittent Claudication
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ischemic muscle ache/pain precipitated by constant level of exercise resolved within 10 minutes of resting
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What sensation is commonly experienced with intermittent claudication?
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burning/shooting pain
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Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
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A thrombus located deep within the vein that occurs in surgical clients that can travel to distant sites.
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What three factors can contribute to thrombosis?
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venous stasis
damage to the endothelium hypercoagulability |
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Risks of developing DVT
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advanced age
atrial fibrillation CHF obesity orthopedic surgery stroke |
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What is the major complication of DVT?
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Pulmonary embolism
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