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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acute Disorders
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Short-termed illnesses, often the result of a viral or bacterial invader and usually amenable to cure
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Biomedical model
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-Maintains that all illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic bodily processes, such as biochemical imbalances or neurophysiological abnormalities
-Assumes that psychological and social processes are largely irrelevant to the disease process |
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Biopsychosocial model
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Health and illness are consequences of the intersplay of biological, psychological, and social factors
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Chronic illness
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-Slowly developing diseases with which people live for a long time
-Often, can not be cured by rather only managed by patient and health care provider |
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Conversion Hysteria
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According to Freud, specific unconscious conflicts can produce particular physical disturbances that symbolize repressed psychological conflicts
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Epidemiology
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The study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of infectious and noninfectious disease in a population, based on an investigation of the physical and social environment
• Ex. Epidemiologists study not only who has what kind of cancer but also why some cancers are more prevalent than others in particular geographic areas or among particular groups of people |
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Etiology
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-The origins or causes of illness
-Health psychologists are especially interested in the behavioral and social factors that contribute to health or to illness and dysfunction |
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longitudinal research
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o Same people are observed over a long period of time
o A particular type of prospective study |
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morbidity
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refers to the number of cases of a disease that exist at some given point in time
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prospective research
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looks forward in time to see how a group of individuals change, or how a relationship between two variable changes over time
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pyschosomatic medicine
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developed to study and treat particular diseases believed to be caused by emotional conflicts, such as ulcers, hypertension, and asthma
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retrospective research
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looks backward in time, in an attempt to reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation
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systems theory
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maintains that all levels of organization in an entity are linked to each other hierarchically and that change in any one level will effect change in all other levels
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What is health psychology?
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-promotion and maintenence of health
-prevention and treatment of illness -identification of causes of health, illness, and dysfunction -anaylsis and improvement of the health care system |
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bi-directional relationship
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-the effects of physical health on psychological functioning
-the effects of psychological events on physical health |
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Stone Age
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evil spirits entering the body, drill hole in skull to release spirits
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Middle Ages
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Black Death- disease was from sinning, tortured self
Zodiac chart- tells what treatments to avoid 4 elements-essential to health |
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Ancient Greeks
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humoral theory- blood, black bile, yellow bile, phelegm
-first to recognize psychological and biological components |
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Renaissance
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invention of the microscope/ autopsy
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1800s
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comfort
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1900s
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biomedical model
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Correlational Research Designs
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comparing two things
strengths-may identify factors that might be contributing to a health condition weaknesses- between three types- cross-sectional, retrospective, and prospective |
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cross sectional
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a correlational study that is tested at the same time
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retrospective study
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a correlational study that goes back in time
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prospective study
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a correlational study that looks forward in time
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experimental designs/ randomized trials
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only way to know for sure if something correlates
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physical stressors
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common in all mammals
ex. hot, cold, pain |
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psychological stressors
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in humans only
ex. grades, job security |
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Walter Cannon
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fight or flight behavior
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Fight or flight behavior
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stress causes physiological changes
-increase in blood sugar level, amount of adrenaline, pulse rate and blood pressure, amount of blood pumped to skeletal muscles -either fight or flee |
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Hans Selye
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general adaptation syndrome/ rats
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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After injecting rats with different stuff, Selye observed:
enlarged adrenal glands shrunken lymph nodes bleeding ulcerso 1)alarm- organism becomes mobilized to meet the threat 2) resistance- the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat, as through confortation 3) exhaustion- occurs if the organism fails to overcome the threat and depletes its physiological resources in the process of trying Criticisms of the General Adaptation Syndrome 1) assigns a very limited role to psychological factors, and researchers now believe that the psychological appraisal of events is important in the determination of stress 2)concerns the assumption that stress is uniform 3) he assessed stress as an outcome, but people experience stress while the event is going on and before |
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Allostasis
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the changes in physiological systems to meet the demands of stress
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Allostatic load
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the physiological costs of chronic allostatis
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Holmes and Rahe
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The Social Readjustment Scale/ Daily Hassles
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Daily Hassles
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Hassles predicted negative psychological and physical symptoms in daily hassles than major life events
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Social Readjustment Scale
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Events rated as more stressful if they cause more change
ex. Death of Spouse, Divorce |
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Richard Lazarus
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Stress Appraisals
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Stress Appraisals
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According to Lazarus, what matters is not what event occurs, but how we perceive and interpret that event.
The Stress Appraisals Process/ Cognitive Appraisals Matter |
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The Stress Appraisals Process
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Primary Appraisals- Is the event postive, negative or neutral? If negative, is it harmful, threatening, challenging?
Secondary Appraisal Are my coping abilities and resources sufficient to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the event? |
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Cognitive Appraisals Matter
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All participants watch subincision video, but with different soundtracks: no sound, trauma narrative, denial narrative, and scientific narrative
Most stressed- trauma narrative |
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Blascovich
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Biopsychosocial Model
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Biopsychosocial model
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Challenge (resources > demands)
-activation of SAM Axis, release of epinephrine, norepinephrine, quicker recovery Threat (demands >resources) -Activation of SAM axis as well as HPA axis, release of cortisol and slower recovery |
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Taylor et al
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Tend and Befriend
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Tend and Befriend
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Males and Females have different behavioral responses to sex
For Males: "fight or flight", activated by testosterone For Females: "Tend and Befriend", activated by oxytocin -tending: nurturing activites and protect offspring -befriending: seeking social support q- |
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What does stress do to your body?
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-mobilizes energy: Fatigue/Diabetes
-raises heart rate/blood pressure; cardiovascular diseases and strokes -slows digestion: ulcers, colitis, bowel problems -slows growth: stress dwarfism -slows reproduction:impotence, loss of libido, delayed ovulation, miscarriage -blunts pain: potential worsening of injuries -suppresses immune system: infections, healing problems, serious illness |
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Four F's- flight, fright, fight, fuck
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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-mediates calm vegetative activities
-everything but the Four f's- growth, energy storage, repair |
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Stress Response
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collection of physiological and behavioral responses that help to reestablish homeostasis
- 2 systems involved, Sympathetic adrenomedullary (SAM) system & Hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) axis |
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Mobilizes energy
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-energy needs to be in usable form, not stored in fat cells
-insulin secretion decreases, insulin helps body store energy as fat or glycogen -stored nutrients in fat cells, liver and non-exercising muscles are converted to glucose and sent to exercising muscles -Health Problems: Fatigue, Diabetes |
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Raises heart rate/ blood pressure
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-Once glucose is mobilized, need to deliver it to muscles as fast as possible
-Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate to mobilize the energy -Health Problems: Cardiovascular diseases, Strokes, Heartattack |
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Slows Digestion
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slow process (PNS), so inhibited during stress
-Bladder, large intestines empty -Health problems: Ulcers, Colitis, Irritable bowel problems |
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Slows growth
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-Growth hormone suppressed (parasympathetic activity)
-Health Problem: Stress Dwarfish |
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Slows reproduction
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-Reproduction hugely energy consuming (especially for females)
-In females= reproductive hormones decrease (estrogen, LH, FSH), loss of interest in sex, delayed ovulation -In males= PNS must be on for erection (suppressed during stress), Testosterone levels decrease (loss of interest in sex) |
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Blunts pain
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stress causes release of endogenous opioid peptides (endorphins), which inhibit pain
-soldiers in war Health Problem: -possible worsening of injuries |
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Suppresses immune system
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-First few minutes--enhanced
-Approx. 1 hour-- suppressed -Chronic stress- increseased susceptibility to illness/infection, slower healing |
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Proinflammatory Cytokines
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Immune substances that have many roles:
-coordinate the function of other immune cells -lead to inflammation= fever, increased sleep, reduced activity and consumption, send immune cells into tissues, tissue repair and would healing |
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Can Stress Damage your brain?
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with more sustained, extreme stress:
Memory Loss -cortisol levels increase dramatically -Less glucose is delivered to the brain (Especially the hippocampus) -portions of the hippocampus may atrophy |
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Conclusions on the stress response
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1. the stress response is good
-without the stress response, you would never survive an acute stressor 2. too much of the stress response is bad -constantly running the stress response for chronic psychological stressors does not help you deal with those stressors, and causes a slow accumulation of damage that can lead to serious illness |
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Reactivity
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the degree of change that occurs in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses as a result of stress
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Aftereffects of stress
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decrease in performance and attention span, often persist long after the stressful event itself is no longer present
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Acute Stress Paradigm
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when people perform stressful tasks, they show both psychological distress and strong indications of sympathetic activity and neuroendocrine responses
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Role Conflict
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occurs when a person receives conflicting information about work tasks or standards from different individuals
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person-environment fit
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the degree to which the needs and resources of a person and the needs and resources of an environment complement each other
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Can the Psychological Processes that Scott Norris' described aid in aid in coping with cancer?
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Social SUpport--> lower levels of growth factors that help tumors develop a viable blood supply and grow
Distress--> higher levels of these growth factors -Optimism and finding benefits are associated with longer cancer survival |
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Emotional processing
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people try to understand their feelings
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Emotional expression
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people share their emotions with others
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Self-Affirmation
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a positive reflection on a valued self-domain
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5 strategies for coping with illness
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social support, psychological control, self-affirmation, positive states of mind, positive adjustment
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Coping
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cognitive, emotional, or behavioral efforts to manage the demands of a stressor
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Functions of Coping
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1) to master or eliminate the distress-inducing problem
2) to alter your appraisals of the distress-inducing situation 3) to reduce the psychological and physiological distress reactions 4) to return to normal or better functioning |
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Emotion-Focused Coping
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Efforts to reduce or manage the distress from the stressor
-emotional avoidance- focusing on denial/ avoiding how stressor make you feel -emotional approach- emotional processing and emotional expression |
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Problem-Focused Coping
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Efforts to solve or alter the stressor
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Emotional Support
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showing concern
*I know someone who I can see or talk to often who would comfort me if my partner broke up with me |
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Belonging support
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having people to be with
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Tangible Support
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providing aid
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Information Support
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giving good advice
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4 aspects of social support
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social integration, social network properties, function, transactions
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Social Support and Health
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associated, people who are socially isolated get sick more often, and die at younger ages, there is reverse causality, and may be possible third variables
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Direct Effects Model
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the theory that coping resources such as social support, have beneficial psychological and health effects under conditions of both high stress and low stress
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Buffering model
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hypothesis that coping resources are useful primarily under conditions of high stress and not necessarily under conditions of low stress
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Health behavior model
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support and health both cause behavior
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2 reasons for lack of replication of Breast Cancer trial
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-dramatic improvement in medical treatment of breast-cancer that began in late 1990s
-psychosocial support for cancer patients has improved dramatically |
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relationships in individualistic cultures
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-self is primary
-voluntary and freely chosen -relatively few obligations -social support transaction: ask for help as means to solve personal problems |
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relationships in collectivistic cultures
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-relationship is primary
-less voluntary and more "given" -greater sense of obligation -social support transaction: proceed with caution because relationship primary |
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Who sought more social support out of Asians, Asian Americans, and European Americans?
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Asian immigrants and nationals sought social support less that Asian Americans, who sought support less than European Americans
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Stress Moderators
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they modify how stress is experienced and the effects it has
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Negative Affectivity
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a pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression, and hostility
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Psychological Control
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belief that one can determine one's own behavior, influence one's environment and bring about desired outcomes
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Control-enhancing interventions
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interventions with patients who are awaiting treatment for the purpose of enhancing their perceptions of control over those treatments
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Coping Style
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an individual's preferred method of dealing with stressful situations
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Avoidant Coping Style
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the tendency to cope with threatening events by withdrawing, minimizing, or avoiding them; believed to be an effective short-term, thought not an effective long-term, response to stress
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Approach Coping Style
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the tendency to cope with stressful events by tackling them directly and attempting to develop solutions; effective method of coping; may produce distress
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Invisible support
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support received from another person that is outside the recipient's awareness
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Matching hypothesis
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match between what one needs and what one receives from others in one's social network
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stress carriers
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Individuals who create stress for others without necessarily increasing their own levels of stress
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stress inoculation
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enables people to confront stressful events with a clear plan in mind and an array of potential measures that can take before
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