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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
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The heart, arteries, and veins.
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How does blood travel?
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Blood travels from the right ventricle to the lungs, then from the lungs to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle, then to the rest of the body.
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What do the arteries do?
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They carry oxygenated blood branch into vessels of smaller and smaller diameter, called aterioles, and finally, terminate in tiny capillaries that connect arteries and veins.
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What does the term cardiovascular disease include?
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Coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke.
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What do the coronary arteries do?
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They supply blood to the heart, muscle, and the myocardium.
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What is the aorta and what does it do?
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It is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart.
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What are the two ways that arteries can receive damage?
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Scar tissue, and atheromatous plaques.
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What is atherosclerosis?
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The formation of plaques and the resulting occlusion of arteries.
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What is Arterioclerosis?
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Loss of elasticity of the arteries.
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What is Ischemia?
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Restriction of blood flow to the heart.
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What is Coronary heart disease?
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Refers to any damage to the myocardium as a result of insufficient blood supply.
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What are some symptoms of heart attack?
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Weakness, dizziness, nausea, cold sweats, difficulty breathing, squeezing pain in the chest, or arms, shoulders, jaws or back.
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What happens to the heart after a heart attack?
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After a heart attack, scar tissue forms but the muscle does not repair itself or regrow itself.
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What is angina pectoris?
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A less serious result of restriction of blood supply to the heart muscle.
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What is a stroke?
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Damage to the brain resulting from lack of oxygen.-- Can be caused by atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis.( which cause obstructions to the arteries of the brain.), or by infections, blood clots or air bubbles.
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What happens when the brain is deprived of oxygen?
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Deprivation causes death of brain tissue in 3-5 minutes.
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How does the brain continue functioning after a stroke?
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Neurons damaged from strokes can't repair themselves, but other neurons can help compensate and regain function.
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What percentage of all deaths are due to heart disease and strokes?
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30%
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What is systolic pressure?
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The presssure generated by the heart's contraction.
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What is diastolic pressure?
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The pressure experienced between contractions, reflecting the elasticity of the vessel walls.
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What is essential hypertension?
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Refers to a chronic elevation of blood pressure, which has both genetic and environmental causes.
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What is secondary hypertension?
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High blood pressure that stems from other diseases such as kidney disorders and some disorders of the endocrine system.
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What are some reasons that death rates from CVD have declined?
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Better coronary care and lifestyle changes
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What are some risk factors of CVD?
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Age, diabetes, family history, gender, ethnic background, phobic anxiety, marital status, employment, hostility, anger, etc.
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What is manditory of all cardiac patients?
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They must be screened for depression
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What is the prevalence of depression in the general population?
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Men-6%
Women-18% |
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What is the prevalence of depression in cardiac patients?
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25-50%
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Which cardiac patients have the highest risks of depression?
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CABG and CHF patients.
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What percentage of cardiac patients are DIAGNOSED with depression?
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Fewer than 25%
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How many of cardiac patients diagnosed with depression recieve treatment?
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About 1/2.
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What is Circumstantial depression?
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Reactive- Situational stress or loss
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What is melancholy depression?
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Existential blues- personality style
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What is habitual depression?
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Learned depression- environmental
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What is chemical depression?
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Chemical imbalance- biological
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What are some ways to diagnose depression?
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Self report measures, clinical interviews, psychological instruments (MMPI)
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What are some ways to treat depression?
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Medicine, counseling and psychotherapy, and excercise.
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Tricyclics?
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Contraindicated in patiets with ischemicheart disease.
Elavil, pamelor, tofranil |
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MAOIs?
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Only recommended for depression refractory to other medications.
nardil, parnate |
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SSRIs?
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Appear safest, but some concerns do exist relative to inhibition of cytochrome
celexa, zoloft, lexapro, luvox, prozac, paxil |
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SNRIs?
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Hypertension risks. Discontinuation effects.
Effexor, cymbalta, pritiq |
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Atypicals?
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Promising other than serzone
wellbutrin, desyryl, buspar |
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What does cognitive behavioral therapy do?
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Improves awareness of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, increase positive experiences and allow for new ways of coping.
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What does interpersonal psychotherapy do?
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Improves understanding of and options for coping with relationships.
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What does interpersonal psychotherapy do?
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Improves understanding of and options for coping with relationships.
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What does existential psychotherapy do?
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Aids in the development of new lifestyle or new meaning and purpose for life.
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What does family or couple therapy do?
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Directly works together to improve or resolve relationships.
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What are some common factors of all psychotherapy?
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Support, reflection, respect, catharsis, hope
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