Health Psych

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Health Psych

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scientific study of psychological, social and behavioral aspects of health and illness

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Four goals of health psychology

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(1) understand reason, promotion and maintenance of health
(2) prevent, treat, diagnose and rehabilitate physical and mental illness
(3) study psychological, social , emotional and behavioral factors in physical and mental illness
(4)*most controversial*-improve health care system and policy

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biopsychosocial model

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health and illness caused by multiple factors involving biology, psychology and social factors

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Clinical implications (biopsychosocial)

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1.Diagnosis- must consider biopsychosocial interactions/processes
2.Treatment- must involve all 3
3.Patient provider relationships-critical to successful treatment

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Epidemiology

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study of frequency, distribution and causes of disease, suffering and death

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mortality

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# of cases of a specific disease/cause

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morbidity

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# of deaths associated with a particular disease/cause

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prevalence

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# of people with disease (existing)

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incidence

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# of new people diagnosed with disease

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Correlational Research

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technique for measuring degree of relationships between 2 variables-variables are observed and not manipulated by researcher

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Predictor variable

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used to predict values of another variable-often not very reliable

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Outcome Variables

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measure to look for effect from predictor variable

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correlation coefficient

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measure of strength and direction of relationship b.w 2 variables , positive correlation-bigger absolute value, negative correlation, no correlation

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confounding variables

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3rd variable makes 2 variables look like theyre related when they really aren’t

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What aids in establishing causation?

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1.Temporal order—if A causes B, A must happen before B
2.Logical relationship
3.Elimination of other causes

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benefits of correlational research

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observe relationships in a natural setting , ideas for future experiments, sometimes experiments are not ethically possible and drawbacks to correlational research-

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dualism

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“I think therefore I am”- mind and brain have NO relationship –exist separately/parallel, do not impact each other; challenges: they do impact each other (i.e. phinnaeus gage and personality change) brain can impact personality

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identity theory

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“mind IS brain”-mind and brain have an identity relationship, all properties of A must be shared with B; relationship is the same always; challenges: how can material and mental be the same? What if variety of diff. brain states leads to same brain state?

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functionalism

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mind is what the brain does, mind is a function of the brain. A brain is like a computer and the software is the experiences you gather. There is no mind by itself . Two levels of reality are functional (thirsty) and physical (drinking); challenges: 1. Computer comparison is degrading 2. Bidirectional relationships

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materialism

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“brain causes the mind”- brain is YOU- mind doesn’t exist, it is a “shadow theater” that keeps us thinking that our brain is in control/distracts you; challenges: doesn’t fit with subjective experiences, difficult to apply

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culture

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dynamic yet stable set of goals , beliefs, attitudes shared by a group of people

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race

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heritable characteristics/physical appearance

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ethnicity

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psychological sense of humanity

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cultural psychology

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individual interaction with cultural environment

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social identity

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sense of who you are based on group membership

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intersectionality

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difficult to take identities apart, to take into consideration the social categories that power and oppression rest upon

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cultural sensitivity

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awareness of potential and actual cultural factors that affect interaction with client and how that impacts treatment

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cultural competance

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ability to work effectively with individuals of different cultures or cultural settings

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health literacy

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ability to understand and act on doctors instructions

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ways to measure health literacy

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1. Intellectual/education level
2. Socioeconomic status
3. Health literacy assessment
4. General info assessment
5. Patients specific knowledge about disease

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cultural influences on health and illness

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lifestyle, stress, diet; different beliefs about disease etiology, treatments and proper self-care and dr./patient contact

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how can we increase cultural competence?

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1. Increase diversity of of healthcare providers
2. Language appropriate materials
3. Cultural competency training
4. Development of interpreter services

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stress

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an unpleasant state of arousal in which people perceive the demands of an event as exceeding their ability to satisfy or alter those demands

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homeostasis

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attempting to remain stable-involves state of baseline functioning

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stress perception

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something stressful for one person might not be stressful for another person- whether an event is stressful depends on resources and coping strategies

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ways to measure stress

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social readjustment rating scale and undergraduate scale

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sympathetic nervous system

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involuntary/uncontrollable actions, response to threat, how stressful we perceive something to be-fight or flight response-mobilizes body in dangerous situations (increases heart rate, circulation, putting digestion on hold

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alostatic load

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toll that stress can take on body-consequences from frequent stress grows overtime from exposure- wear and tear on body due to chronic stress

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steps of stress interpretation

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1st step- primary appraisal(what is it? Can it hurt me?threat or challenge/)2nd step- secondary appraisal-how to overcome challenge

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psychoneuroimmunology

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interaction between psychological processing and immune system proces

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indirect pathway

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through a weakened immune system. For example, if your body is activating the stress response, we know your immune function is decreased. This means that instead of battling bacteria that can make you sick, your body is battling stress. Essentially you are getting sick because your immune system is weak, not because of the stress directly.

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direct pathway

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would be developing something like heart disease. Heart disease can result from increased blood pressure over time. Whenever your stress response is activated, your blood pressure increases. Therefore, when your blood pressure is constantly increasing due to stress, you can develop heart disease as a direct result of stress