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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Complications of Abortion
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most common: infection; retained products of conception or intrauterine blood clots; continuing pregnancy; cervical or uterine trauma; and excessive bleeding; disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
D&C - may perforate uterus suction - may invert uterus saline injection - fluid and electrolyte imbalance and cardiac dysrhythmias |
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Recommended Folic Acid Intake
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400mcg daily for women of child bearing age, and 1mg/day for women with anemia
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Trophoblasts
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secretes enzymes that enable the fertilized egg to burrow into the endometrium as well as develop chronic villi to secrete hcG.
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hCG
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inhibits further ovulation by increasing progesterone and estrogen
causes n/v/morning sickness in first trimester |
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Infancy growth
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doubles birth weight at six months, triples at one year
by 1 year birth length has increased by almost 50% by 1 year head circumference has increased by almost 33% posterior fontanel closes 6 to 8 weeks of age anterior fontanel closes 12 to 18 months of age tooth eruption begins at 5 to 6 months has 6 to 8 teeth by 1 year of age |
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Infancy motor development
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sits without support at 6 to 8 months of age
rolls completely over at 6 months of age vocalization at 8 months of age pincer grasp at 9 to 11 months of age crawling 6 to 7 months of age stands alone 10 to 12 months of age cruises (walks holding on to something) 10 to 12 months of age walks at 12 to15 months of age begin feeding self at 11 months of age |
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Infancy language development
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cries, smiles, coos by 3 months
produces chained syllables by 6 months says two or more words by 1 year understands meaning of "no" by 11 months of age can follow simple directions at 1 year |
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Toddler growth
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gains 1.8 to 2.7 kilograms (4 to 6 pounds) per year
grows 7.5 centimeters (3 inches) per year (occurs mainly in legs) lordosis and potbelly are characteristic head circumference usually equal to chest circumference by 1 to 2 years of age primary dentition complete by 30 months of age |
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Toddler Motor Development
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walking improves
runs begins to climb and walk up and down stairs builds tower of eight blocks by age three years by end of toddlerhood can copy a circle on paper dresses self in simple clothing |
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Toddler Language Development
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vocabulary grows from four to six words at 15 months to over 300 words by age two
"no!" and "mine!" are key words ability to understand speech is much greater than the number of words the child can say uses multi-word sentences by age 2 |
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Preschool Growth
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average weight gain about 2 to 3 kilograms (5 pounds) per year
height: increase of 6.75 to 7.5 centimeters (2.5 to 3 inches) per year (occurs in legs) |
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Preschool Motordevelopment
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very active
can hop on one foot pedals tricycle refinement of previous learned motor skills draws a person with one body part/year |
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Preschool Language Development
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by age 5, has vocabulary of 2,100 words
knows name and address asks questions constantly uses fantasy in stories "why?" is favorite word |
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School age Growth
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growth is slow and steady until growth spurt of adolescence.
between ages 6 to 12, growth at average of 2 to 3 kilograms (4.5 to 6.5 pounds) per year brain growth is complete by 9 to 10 years of age height: average growth of 5 centimeters (2 inches) per year loss of deciduous teeth/acquisition of permanent teeth child is usually lean, but some may become overweight depending on eating habits and activity |
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School age Motor development
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full of energy
rides bicycle and plays active games most enjoy sports writes in cursive more awkward as adolescence approaches |
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School age Language
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vocabulary of approximately 14,000 words
reading skills improve dramatically |
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Adolescent Growth
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boys increase in muscle mass; girls increase in fat deposits
may experience growth spurts Puberty |
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Adolescent Motor development
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increase in gross and fine motor abilities
increase in risk-taking behaviors |
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Erikson's Stage 1
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Trust vs. Mistrust
Birth to 18 months The development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child's caregivers, i.e., feeding |
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Erikson's Stage 2
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Toddlers (2 to 3 years-old) Children develop a greater sense of personal control, i.e., toilet training
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Erikson's stage 3
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Initiative vs. Guilt
Preschool (3 to 5 years-old) Children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directly play and other social interaction, i.e., independence |
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Erikson's stage 4
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Industry vs. Inferiority
School age (6 to 11 years-old) Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in the accomplishments |
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Erikson's stage 5
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Identity vs. Role Confusion Adolescence (12 to 18 years-old)
Exploring independence and developing a sense of self |
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Erikson's stage 6
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
Early adulthood (19 to 40 years-old) Exploring personal relationships is important, especially love relationships |
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Erikson's stage 7
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Generativity vs. Stagnation Adulthood (40 to 64 years-old) Building careers and family
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Erikson's stage 8
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Integrity vs. Despair Older adult (65 years to death) Focused on reflecting back on life
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Macule
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flat circumscribed change in skin color
measles, freckles patch: macule that is larger than 1 cm |
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Papule
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superficial thickening of the skin
wart |
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Plaque
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apules coalesced to from an elevated surface wider than 1 cm
psoriasis |
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cyst
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encapsulated fluid-filled cavity
sebaceous cyst |
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Pustule
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turbid fluid (pus) in the cavity
acne, impetigo |
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Vesicle
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elevated fluid filled cavity (1 cm)
blister |
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Bulla
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vesicle that is larger than 1 cm
burns |
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Nodule
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solid, hard, or soft palpable mass extending deeper into the dermis than a papule
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Landmarks of the heart
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second right intercostal space - aortic area
second left intercostal space - pulmonic area third left intercostal space - Erb's point fourth left intercostal space - tricuspid area fifth left intercostal space - mitral (apical) area epigastric area at tip of sternum |
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Range of Normal BPs
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child under age 2, weighing at least 2700 g: use flush technique, 30 to 60 mg Hg
child over age 2 years-old: 85 to 95/50 to 65 mm Hg school age: 100 to 110/50 to 65 mm Hg adolescent: 110 to 120/65 to 85 mm Hg adult: < 130 mm Hg Systolic / < 85 mm Hg diastolic |
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Normal Range of Periph. Pulses
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infants: 120 to 160 beats/minute
toddlers: 90 to 140 beats/minute preschool/school-age: 75 to 110 beats/minute adolescent/adult: 60 to 100 beats/minute |
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Lymph Nodes of the Head & Neck
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preauricular - in front of the ear
posterior auricular (mastoid) occipital - base of skull submental - midline, behind tip of mandible submandibular - halfway between angle and tip of mandible superficial cervical - overlying the sternomastoid muscle deep cervical - deep under the sternomastoid muscle posterior cervical - in posterior triangle along edge of trapezius supraclavicular - just above and behind the clavicle |
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Normal Rates of Resperations
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newborn: 35 to 40 breaths/minute
infant: 30 to 50 breaths/minute toddler: 25 to 35 breaths/minute school age: 20 to 30 breaths/minute adolescent/adult: 14 to 20 breaths/minute adult: 12 to 20 breaths/minute |
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Hepatitis B vaccine schedule
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Birth
1-2 months 6,12,15,18 months |
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Rotavirus vaccine schedule
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2,4,6 months
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DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) vaccine schedule
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2,4,6 months
15,18 months 4-6 years |
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Hib vaccine schedule
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2,4,6 months
12-15 months |
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PCV (pneumococcal) Immunization
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2,4,6 months
12-15 months 2-3, 4-6 years |
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IPV inactivated polio
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2, 4 months
6-18 months 4-6 years |
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Influenza
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6months - 4-6 years (yearly)
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MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
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12-15 months
4-6 years |
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Varicella
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12-15 months
4-6 years |
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Hepatitis A
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12 -23 months (2 doses)
2-6 years |
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Meningococcal
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2-6 years
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Cranial Nerve I
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Olfactory
smell sensory |
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Cranial Nerve II, III, IV, VI,
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Optic (vision), Oculomotor(pupil constriction and eyelid raising), Trochlear (Down/Inward eye move), Abducens (Lateral eye movement)
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Cranial Nerve V
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Trigeminal
Motor-jaw movement Sensory-sensation in face and neck |
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Cranial Nerve VII
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Facial
Motor-face movement Sensory- taste on front of tongue (sweet/salty) |
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Cranial Nerve VIII
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Acoustic
Sene of hearing and balance |
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Cranial Nerve IX, X, XII
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Glossopharyngeal (pharyngeal movement and swallowing, and back of tongue taste)
Vagus (Swallow and speak) Hypoglossal (Motor tongue movement) |
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Cranial Nerve XI
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Spinal Accessory
Flexion and rotation of head; shrugging of shoulders |
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome (infant) Findings
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Labored respirations
cyanosis, expiratory grunt, nasal flaring, inter/subcostal retractions, tachypnea (>60 breath/min) unresponsiveness, apneic eps |
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RDS infants Diagnotic Tests
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Ultrasound, amniocentesis: lipids, creatinine, L/S ratio,
PO2 < 50 mmHg; CO2 > 60mmHg |
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RDS in infant Interventions
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TPN during acute phase, Position side lying with head supported by small blanket, or on back with neck extended
PEEP or CPAP, O2 hood Give: anitbiotics, diuretics, vitamin E, surfactant |
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Hyperbilirubinemia (infant) Physiological jaundice
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immature hepatic function, resolving cephalohematoma; jaundice in 24 hrs, peaks at 72, lasts about a week, no treatment necessary
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Breast Milk Jaundice Early onset
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poor milk intake, onset 2-3 days, peak 2-3 weeks,
treat by frequent breastfeeding, caloric supplements |
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Breast Milk Jaundice Late onset
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caused by factor in breast milk; onset 4-5 days, peak 10-15 days
Treated by discontinuing breast feeding for 24 hrs |
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Pathologic Jaundice (Hemolytic anemia)
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Caused by blood antigen incompatibility
Onset first 24 hrs, peak variable, treated by phototherapy, exchange transfusions |
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Hyperbilirubinemia Interventions
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Monitor levels (>/= 13 -15 mg/dL)
Phototherapy: increase fluid intake, patch eyes/uncover q2h, expose skin/cover genitals, sensory stimulation, bonding opportunities Exchange transfusion to remove excess bilirubin |
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Mongolian Spots
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Distended sebaceous glands appearing as tiny, white, pinpoint papules on forehead, nose, cheek, and chin of neonate that disappear spontaneously in a few days/weeks
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Telangiectatic nevi ("stork bites")
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cluster of small, flat, red localized araeaws of capillary dilation usually on eyelids, nose, nape of neck; can be blanched by finger pressure; usually fades during infancy
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Nevus vasculosus (strawberry mark)
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raised, demarcated, dark red, rough-surfaced capillary hemangioma in dermal and subdurmal layers; grow rapidly for several months and then begin to fade; disappears by age 7
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Nevus flammeus (port wine stain)
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reddish, usually flat, discoloration commonly on the face or neck; does not grow or fade
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Gestational Hypertension
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HTN w/o proteinuria after 20 weeks of pregnancy; resolves after delivery
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Mild Preeclampsia
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common last 10 weeks
BP- 140/90 or increase of 30/15 mmHg 1+ to 2+ proteinuria Begins past 20th week Slight general edema, wt gain may be present |
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Severe Preeclampsia
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BP- 150/100- 160/110 mm Hg
3+ to 4+ proteinuria Headache, epigastric pain, extreme irritability, sudden onset generalized edema, hemorrhage, and pulmonary edema, hyperreflexia HELLP(hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count) |
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Eclampsia
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HTN, proteinuria, tonic-clonic seizures, coma
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Mild Preeclampsia home interventions
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Bed rest, left lateral position
Balanced diet; <6g sodium/day, mod-hi protein Weigh daily, keep log, report 3 pound wt gain over 24hrs self assessed non stress test |
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Severe Preeclampsia hospital interventions
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complete bed rest, left lateral pos.
vital signs, heart tones Monitor I/O Seizure precautions Meds: mag sulfate, apresoline, valium, procardia |
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Eclampsia (emergency) interventions
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Maintain IV line with large bore needle, monitor fluid balance
Minimize stimuli airway and O2 at bedside Give meds Prepare for possible delivery Monitor fetus Type and cross blood |
