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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognitive theorists believe that behavior is a function of the subjective ____ of an outcome and on the subjective probability/_____ that a particular action will achieve that outcome.
In the context of health-related behaviors people _____ avoiding illness/getting well and ____ that a specific health action may prevent or ameliorate illness. Other theories that are related to value-expectancy include: the ____ ____ theory (SCT)~ outcome expectations; and the Theory of Reasoned Action~ Behavioral Beliefs. |
value; expectation
value; expect Social Cognitive Theory |
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The _____ model contains several primary concepts that predict why people will take action to prevent, screen for, or to control illness conditions.
One's beliefs about the likelihood of getting a disease or condition is called perceived ______. Feelings about the seriousness of contracting an illness or of leaving it untreated include evaluations of both medical and clinical consequences and possible social consequences and is called one's perceived _____. The combination of perceived susceptibility and perceived severity are labeled as perceived ____. |
Health Behavior Model
susceptibility severity threat |
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The belief in efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk or seriousness of impact is called one's perceived ______.
Whether a person's perception of the threat leads to behavior change will be influenced by the person's belief regarding perceived ____ of the various available actions for reducing the disease threat. Belief about the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action is called the perceived _____. This perception may act as _____ to undertaking recommended behaviors. |
benefits; benefits
barriers; impediments |
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Cues to action are strategies to activate "_____".
The confidence in one's ability to take action is called self _____. |
readiness
efficacy |
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Perceived susceptibility is applied by defining populations at ____ and by personalizing risk based on a person's characteristics or _____.
Perceived severity is applied by specifying _____ of risks and conditions. Perceived benefits are applied by defining the ____ to take (how, where and when) and clarify the ____ effects to be expected. Identify and reduce perceived barriers through ____, correction of misinformation, incentives and assistance. Cues to action are applied by providing how-to information; promoting ____ and use of of appropriate reminder systems. *HAS THE LEAST RESEARCH TO SUPPORT IT* Self efficacy is applied by providing training and ____ in performing he recommended action; verbal reinforcement; and reduce ____. |
risk; behaviors
consequences action; positive awareness guidance; anxiey |
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The most significant predictors of the HBM are perceived ____, perceived susceptibility and perceived benefits. The least significant predictor was perceived _____ (in relation to sick-role behavior).
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barriers
severity |
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Attitude is determined by the individual's beliefs about outcomes or attributes of performing the behavior; this is called _____ beliefs. The attitude is also determined by one's ____ of those outcomes.
A person's subjective norm is determined by his or her _____ beliefs, that is, whether important individuals _____ or disapprove of performing the behavior weighted by his or her _____ to comply with those referents. Perceived control is determined by ____ beliefs concerning the presence or absence of facilitators and barriers to behavioral performance, weighted by their perceived ____ or the impact of each control factor to either facilitate or _____ the behavior. |
behavioral; evaluation
normative; approve motivation control power; inhibit |
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A theory is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that present a ____ view of events or situations by specifying relations among _____ in order to explain and predict the events and situations.
Theories are useful during the various stages of planning, ____ and evaluating interventions. Theories explain ____ and suggest ways to achieve behavior ____. |
systematic
variables implementing behavior; change |
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The Transtheoretical Model:
Construct: Stages of Change 1. ______ stage is the stage where the individual has no intention to take action in the next 6 months. 2. The _____ stage is when the individual intends to take action within the next 6 months. 3. The ____ stage is when the individual intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral steps in this direction. 4. _____ is the stage when there has been changed overt behavior for less than 6 months. 5. _____ is the stage when there has been changed overt behavior for more than 6 months. 6. ______ is no temptation to relapse and 100% confidence. |
Pre-contemplation
Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Termination |
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The 5 critical assumptions:
1. No single theory can account for all complexities of behavior change--a more comprehensive model is most likely to merge from _____ across major theories. 2. Behavior change is a process that unfolds over time through a sequence of _____. 3. Stages are both stable and open to _____. 4. The majority of at risk populations are not prepared for ____ and will not be served effectively by traditional action-oriented behavior change programs. 5. Specific processes and principles of change should be emphasized at specific stages to maximize ____. |
integrations
stages change action efficacy |
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The process of Change:
1. Consciousness raising involves increased _____ about the causes, consequences, and cures for particular problem behavior. Interventions that can increase awareness include feedback, confrontations, interpretations and media campaigns. 2. Dramatic relief initially produces increased _____ experiences followed by reduced affect or anticipated relief if appropriate action is taken. Experiencing the ____ emotions that go along with unhealthy behavioral risks. ex: role playing, personal testimonies |
awareness
emotional |
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The Process of Change:
3. Self-re-evaluation is realizing that the behavior change is an important part of one's _____as a person. 4. Environmental re-evaluation is realizing the negative/positive _____ of the unhealthy/healthy behavior on one's proximal social and/or physical environment. 5. Self-liberation is making a firm ____ to change. |
identity
impact commitment |
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Th Process of Chanage:
6. Helping relationships: Seeking and using ___ support for the healthy behavior change. 7. Counter-conditiong is the substitution of healthier alternative behavior change for the ____behavior. 8. Reinforcement Management is increasing the rewards for ____ behavior change and decreasing the rewards of the unhealthy behavior. 9. Stimulus control is removing reminders or cues to _____ in the unhealthy behavior and adding cues or reminders to engage in the _____ behavior. 10. Social liberation is realizing that the social norms are changing in the direction of ______ the behavior change. |
social
unhealthy healthy engage; healthy supporting |
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PROCESS OF CHANGE AND TRANS-THEORETICAL MODEL:
Consciousness rising, dramatic relief and environmental re-evaluation are all apart of the _____ stage in the Transtheoretical Model. Self re-evaluation is between the contemplation and _____. Self liberation occurs during the ____ stage. Counter-conditioning, helping relationships, reinforcement management and stimulus control are apart of the _____ stage. |
Contemplation/pre-contemplation
Preparation action maintenance |
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The Ecological Perspective on health behavior and education:
1. Behavior affects and is affected by the multiple levels of influence: a.) Individual/ ____ factors b.) interpersonal factors; c.) institutional/ ____ factors d.) community factors and e.) public-policy factors. 2.) Behavior both influences and is influenced by the ____ environment. This is called ____ causation. |
Intrapersonal; organizational
social; reciprocal |
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Health behavior is defined as those ____ attributes such as beliefs, expectations, motives, values, perceptions and other ____ elements; personality characteristics, including affective and ____ states and traits; and overt behavior patterns, actions and habits that relate to health _____, health restoration, and health ____.
Health ____ is the central concern of health education. |
personal; cognitive
emotional maintenance; improvement behavior |
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Health education is a broad and varied set of ____ to influence both individuals and their _____ environments in order to ____ heath and the quality of life.
Health promotion is defined as the process of enabling people to increase ____ of over as well as to improve their health; a commitment to dealing with the challenges of ____ inequities, extending the cope of prevention and helping people to cope with their circumstances; creating environments conducive to health, in which people are better able to take care of themselves. Health promotion emphasizes efforts to influence the broader social context of health ____. |
strategies; social
enhance control behavior |
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An explanatory theory (theory of the problem) helps describe and identify why a problem ____. Explanatory theories help ____ behaviors under defined conditions and guide the search for modifiable factors (age, gender, knowledge, etc) .
Change theories (theories of action) guide the development of ____. These theories form the basis for ____. |
exists; predict
interventions; evaluation |
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Concepts are the major components of a ____; they can vary in the extent to which they have meaning or can be understood ___ the context of a specific theory.
A model is a collection of ____. Constructs are concepts that have been developed or adopted to a ___ theory. |
theory; outside
particular theories |
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Theories assist with the stages of planning, implementing and evaluating interventions. They guide the search for ____ people are not following public heath and medical advice; ____ one needs to know before developing and organizing an intervention program as well as ____ should be monitored, measured and compared in a program evaluation; and ____ to shape program strategies to reach people.
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why
what what how |
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If individuals regard themselves as ____ to a condition, believe that condition would have potentially ___ consequences, believe that a course of action available to them would be ____ in reducing either their susceptibility to or severity of the condition, and believe the anticipated ____ of taking action outweigh the _____ to action, they are ____ to take action that they believe will reduce their risks.
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susceptible
serious beneficial benefits barriers likely |
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Limitations of the Health Belief Model:
A heightened state of perceived ____ is required before perceived susceptibility becomes a _____ predictor. |
severity
powerful |
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The Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior focus on theoretical constructs concerned with individual _____ factors as determinants of the likelihood of performing a specific behavior. TRA and TRB both assume the best predictor of a behavior is behavioral ____ which is determined by attitude toward the behavior and social normative perceptions regarding it.
The two theorists who developed TRA and TRB were Fishbein and Ajzen. |
motivational
intention |
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CONSTRUCTS OF TRA/TRB:
One's behavioral beliefs and the ____ of behavioral outcomes determines a person's attitude about the behavior being considered. One's normative beliefs ( whether important referent individuals ____/____ of performing the behavior) weighted by their motivation to _____ with those referents determines ones ____ norm. Perceived behavioral control was added to TRA to account for factors outside ____ control that may affect intentions and behaviors. Perceived control is determined by one's ____ beliefs weighted by their perceived _____. |
evaluation
agree/disagree comply subjective individual control power |
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The independent determinants/direct measures of behavioral intention are _____, subjective norms, and perceived _____.
Indirect measures assure that the composite beliefs are ____ measures of respective TRA/TRB constructs. One misconception of TRA/TRB is that these theories focus purely on "____ behavior". |
attitude; control
adequate rational |
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SCT emphasized reciprocal determinism in the interaction between people and their ____. It recognizes how environments shape ____ but also focuses on people's potential abilities to ____ and construct environments to suit purposes they devise for themselves.
The concepts of SCT can be grouped into five categories: psychological determinants of behavior, ____ learning, environmental determinants of behavior, self- _____, and moral disengagement. |
environment
behavior; alter observational regulation |
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In SCT, the psychological determinants of behavior are: outcome ____ and self efficacy.
Outcome expectations are beliefs about the likelihood and ____ of the consequences of behavioral choices. Self efficacy is defined as the beliefs about personal ____ to perform behaviors that bring desired outcomes. Observational Learning is learning to perform new behaviors by ____ to interpersonal or media displays of them, particularly through ____ modeling. The four processes that govern observational learning are: attention, ____, production, and _____. |
expectations
value ability exposure; peer attention; motivation |
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In SCT the environmental determinants of behavior are incentive motivation and _____.
Incentive motivation is the use and misuse of ___ and punishments to modify behavior. Facilitation is providing tools, resources and ____ changes that make new behaviors easier to perform. |
facilitation
rewards environmental |
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In SCT self regulation is controlling oneself through self-monitoring, ____ setting, feedback, self reward, self instruction and enlistment of ____ support.
Effective self monitoring is the systematic ____ of one's behavior. Goal-Setting is the identification of ____ and long-term changes that can be obtained. Feedback is information about the ____ of performance and how it may be ____. Self reward is a person's provision of tangible or intangible ____ for himself. Self instruction occurs when people talk to themselves before and during the _____ of a complex behavior. Enlistment of social support is achieved when a person finds people who ____ her efforts to exert self-control. |
goal; social
observation incremental quality; improved rewards performance encourage |
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SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY:Methods of Increasing Self Efficacy
Mastery Experience: Enabling the person to succeed in ___ but increasingly challenging performances of desired behaviors. *strongest influence* Social Modeling: Showing the person that others ___ themselves can do it. This should include detailed ____ of the small steps taken in the attainment of a complex objective. Improving physical and emotional states: making sure people are well-rested and ____ before attempting a new behavior. Verbal Persuasion: Giving someone verbal "boosters" to strongly _____ them~ giving them enough confidence to induce the first ____ toward behavior change. |
attainable
like; demonstrations relaxed encourage efforts |
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The major theorist associated with Diffusion of Innovation is _____.
Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is ______ through certain channels over ____ among members of a social system. Dissemination is an action/effort to make the innovation more ____. *Diffusion is the result of dissemination* The four main elements of DOI are innovation, _____ channels, time, and a ____ system. |
Rogers
communicated; time available communication; social |
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*Some innovations diffuse quickly and widely whereas others are adopted but subsequently abandoned*
CHARACTERISTICS OF INNOVATIONS THAT AFFECT DIFFUSION: 1. Relative advantage: An innovation will only be adopted if it is seen as better than the idea, product, or program it _____. 2. Innovations that are _____ with the intended users' values, norms, beliefs, and perceived needs are more readily adopted. 3. Complexity: Innovations perceived as _____ to use are more likely to be adopted. 4. Trialability: Innovations which intended users can ____ on a limited basis are adopted more easily. 5. Observability: If the ____ of an innovation are easily identified and visible to others it will be adopted more easily. |
supersedes
compatible easy experiment benefits |
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOPTERS:
1. Innovators: very eager to adopt; bring the innovation to the ____ system 2. Early adopters: decrease ____ and provide opinion about the innovation 3. Early Major adopters: they adopt just before the ____ member of the social system. "deliberate" 4. Late majority adopters: Most uncertainty must be ____ before adoption. "skeptical" 5. Laggards-"traditional" the last to adopt. |
social
uncertainty average removed |
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Process of Diffusion:
1. Innovation development: all the decisions and activities (and their impacts) that occur from the early stage of an idea through its _____ and production. 2. Dissemination 3.Adoption: The ____ of the program or innovation by the target population. 4. Implementation 5.Maintenance: the ____ use over time |
development
uptake ongoing |
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Social Marketing is defined as the application of commercial marketing to the analysis, planning, _____ and evaluation of programs designed to influence the voluntary _____ of target audiences in order to improve the personal welfare and that of society.
*Focuses on outcomes |
execution; behavior
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The 4 P's
1. Product: the ____ you want to be adopted; Target group must feel the product (behavior) is _____, relevant, useful, and better than the alternatives. 2. What you have to give up to adopt the behavior is termed the ____. 3. Place: Where you ____ your target audience to the messages of your campaign 4. How you get your message out and about the behavior (product) to your intended audience; this is called _____. Audience segmentation identifies ____ of change and levels of self _____. |
behavior
important price expose promotion stages efficacy |
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People who perceive themselves as similar tend to interact with one another more often than those they perceive less similar. This is known as the Principle of _____.
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Homophily
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Gemeinschaft: describes _____, cohesive and community-based relationships (kinship, church, neighborhood)
Gessellschaft describes diverse ____-based relationships (transaction base) |
strong
society |
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The actions we take as community leaders include: Removing ____, addressing power differences and Sharing or relinquishing ____.
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barriers
power |
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Ecological models are believed to provide comprehensive frameworks for understanding the multiple and interacting _____ of health behaviors. This model can be used to develop _____ that target mechanisms of change at each level of influence.
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determinants
interventions |
