Health Policy Terms

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Social Psychology

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Scientific study of individual behavior and mental process within social situations - not limited to humans

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Theory

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framework for explaining various events and processes

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Social perception

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process by which we acquire information about other people in our social environment

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Schemas

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mental frameworks that allow us to organize large amounts of information in an efficient manner

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Heuristics

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rules of thumb used to make decisions or draw conclusions

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Priming

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a transient experience related to a schema which can active the schema

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Perserverence effect

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The persistance of schemas once formed, because when we encounter contradictory evidence we see it as an exception to the rule

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Negativity bias

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Our tendency to pay more attention to negative information than positive.

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Overconfidence barrier

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Our tendency to have a greater confidence in our own beliefs and judgements than is justified

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Planning fallacy

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Tendency to believe we can get more done than is realistic

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Optimistic bias

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Tendency when looking at the future to focus on things we want our hope for which primes us for optimistic predictions

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Counterfactual thinking

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If only thoughts, thoughts of what might have been.

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Magical thinking

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making assumptions that don't hold up to rational scrutiny

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Terror management

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efforts to come to terms with our mortality using magical thinking

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Mood congruence effects

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our current mood affects what information is noticed and retained

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Mood dependent memory

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current mood influences what information is retrieved

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Actor Observer Effect

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attribution tendencies are changed by point of view, fundamental attribution error is reversed when we watch ourselves on video

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Impression Management

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A deliberate attempt to create a powerful or positive impression of oneself or others

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Self-Serving bias

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A tendency to attribute negative things to circumstances and positive to disposition despite evidence to the contrary

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Self-handicapping

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making an excuse in advance or a performance to create an external reason for failure in advance

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Social perception

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The process through which people seek to know and understand other people

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Correspondent Inference Theory

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describes how we decide what traits and dispositions a person has and distinguish between their disposition and outside influences

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Kelly's theory of attribution

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Theory on how we attribute acts to disposition or circumstances

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Action identification

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The level of interpretation we use to evaluate someone's actions - act alone, or act and motivation

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Correspondance Bias

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tendency to explain others behavior as dispositional even in the face of clear situational evidence - AKA fundamental attribution error

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Implicit personality theories

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beliefs we have about what traits go together

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Social cognition

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The way we think about the social world

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False consensus theory

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we overestimate the extent to which others agree with us.

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Best-rate fallacy

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ignoring information about probability of an event due to more available evidence

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Just-world hypothesis

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idea that the world is just and people get what they deserve, leads to blaming the victim

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Automatic vigilance

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automatic alertness to bad news or negative information

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Motivated skepticism

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tendency to seek out additional information that confirms our existing beliefs

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Mere Ownership

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Our tendency to rate objects we own as better than those we don't, because they serve as extensions of ourselves.

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Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion

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Environmental stimulus lead to simultaneous emotional response and physiological response

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James Lang Theory

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Environmental stimulus leads to physiological rxn, which once detected arouses an emotional rxn

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Schacter Two Factor Theory

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Theory that environmental stimulus produces a physiological rxn which we then interpret before we feel the accompanying emotion

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Attitude

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schemas, beliefs or feelings that help us process information and direct our behavior

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Implicit attitude

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one which is uncontrollable and not consciously available

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explicit attitude

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one which is controllable and reportable

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Classical conditioning

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the evoking of an attitude by the association of an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral or conditioned stimulus

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Unconditioned stimulus

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one that naturally and automatically triggers a response

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conditioned stimulus

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previously neutral stimulus which after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response

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Mere exposure

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having seen an object before but not remembering it can still cause attitude formation

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Instrumental conditioning

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rewards and punishments tied to attitudes strengthen or decrease the attitude

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Modelling

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observational learning

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social comparison

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tendency to compare ourselves with others to determine whether our view is correct or not

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Reference groups

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people we identify with and whose attitudes we tend to share

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Pluralistic ignorance

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when the majority of people reject a norm but believe erroneously that others subscribe to it

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Theory of reasoned action

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rational decision to engage in behavior strongly predicts actual behavior

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Theory of planned action

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individuals consider their ability to perform a behavior as a predictor of actually following through with the behavior

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Implementation plan

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delegates control of a behavior to others

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Persuasion habit

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repeatedly performing a specific behavior so that it becomes automatic to a particular situation

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Elaboration likelihood model

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when rushed or our capacity for judgement is low, we use heuristic processing, wish makes advertisers happy.

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Sleeper effect

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attitude change occurs because message persists after negative characteristics of the presenter have worn off

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Selective avoidance

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direct our own attention away from things which challenge our existing ideas

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Cognitive dissonance

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when two of our attitudes or our attitude and behavior are not consistent

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Less leads to more effect

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the fewer good reasons we have for holding onto dissonant behaviors or attitudes, the greater the pressure to resolve and the more attitude change occurs

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Effort Justification

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the harder one must work to gain a reward, the more valuable the reward becomes

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Foot in the door technique

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start with a small request then work your way up to a bigger request

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Door in the face technique

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ask for something outrageous, then when denied, ask for something more reasonable

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That's not all technique

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"we'll also give you a potato peeler at no extra charge"

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The big lie

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I can't possibly give it to you at that price, it would bankrupt me. . . oh okay.

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Prejudice

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an attitude of dislike based on membership in an outgroup.

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Prospect theory

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we are risk averse, more opposed to our own losses as a majority than the gains of a minority

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Envious prejudice

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a group perceived as a threate to a high status group is stereotyped as low on warmth, high on competance

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Tokenism

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a highly visible but trivial non-discriminatory behavior towards a few individual out-group members to obscure large-scale discrimination and deter collective protest

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Reverse Discrimination

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treating outgroup members better than ingroup members to disguise prejudicial attitudes

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Singilism

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a discriminatory attitude towards single people

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Essences

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Those who are high in prejudice tend to seek out an individuals group membership, and believe that person has underlying essences or biological basis for discriminatory treatment

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Incidental prejudice

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an incidental feeling of anger can invoke automatic prejudice against an outgroup

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Implicit associations

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links between group memberships and evaluative responses, tendency to shoot a black man quicker than a white man when threatened

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Realistic conflict theory

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theory of prejudice as a result of real competition for scarce resources by two or more groups, tends to impact immigrants

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Social categorization theory

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theory of prejudice as a result of divisions into ingroups and outgroups due to visual characteristics, or just arbitrarily which causes each group to view itself as superior due to self-esteem boosting techniques

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Social identity theory

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we seek to feel positive about groups we belong to because we see them as extensions of ourselves

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social learning theory

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a theory of prejudice which states that prejudicial attitudes are learned from parents, peers, role models

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Illusory correlation

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when two extraordinary events occur closely in space or time, we tend to see them as related

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Bona fide pipeline

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a test for implicit racial attitudes which involves priming with ethnic pictures then pushing good or bad in response to words, speed of pushing button is recorded

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Collective guilt

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Emotional response to the wrong doings of members of our own group

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Motivated forgetting

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forget bad stuff we did to others more than bad stuff done to us.

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Contact hypothesis

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theory that prejudice is reduced by increased contact

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Re-categorization

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shifting the boundary between us an them by getting individuals from different groups to work together

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Interpersonal attraction

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extent to which we like or dislike another person

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Associated Effect

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If someone is present when you are feeling bad for an unassociated reason, this will decrease attraction for them

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Associated Affect

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Associated positive emotions with a product makes us want to by it

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Mere Exposure Effect

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proximity leads to repeated exposure leads to positive affect

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Propinquity

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physical promixity, the more we see people, the more favorable our opinion of them, unless the initial contact was negative

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Appearance rejection sensitivity

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fear of being rejected for not measuring up

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Matching hypothesis

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individuals select mates with approximately equal social assets, balance of looks, resources, status, talents

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Equity theory

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partnerships are perceived as fair if the partners gain approx. as much as they contribute

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Reciprocal positive evaluations

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we like others who already like us.

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Similarity/Dissimilarity Effect

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We like those who are similar to us and judge them to be more intelligent, more moral etc. than those dissimilar to us

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Repulsion hypothesis

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largely discredited, says that similarity has no effect on attraction, but that we are repulsed by dissimilarity

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Balance theory

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when people like each other and find out they are similar this is balance, if they are dissimilar there is emotionally unpleasant imbalance

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Consensual validation

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we evaluate our normalcy and accuracy of values and beliefs by finding others who agree

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Enemyship

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a personal relationship based on hatred and malice and attempts to sabotage the other persons life

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Interdependence

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interpersonal relationship in which two people consistently influence each others lives

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Attachment style

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degree of security an individual feels in interpersonal relationships

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Secure attachment style

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high self-esteem and trust, able to form lasting relationships, high achievers with low fear of failure

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Fearful avoident attachment style

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low in both self-esteem and trust, don't form close relationships or have unhappy ones

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Preoccupied attachment style

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low self-esteem, but high interpersonal trust - want closeness, cling to others but expect to be dumped

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Dismissing attachment style

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high self esteem, low personal trust, feel deserving of good relationships but fear closeness and often state that they prefer to be alone.

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Passionate love

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intense and often unrealistic emotional reaction to another person, a fast process